FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Buffy
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Buffy
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Buffy
Annotation Symbol
CG8238
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0040491
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
12 publicly available
Gene Summary
Buffy (Buffy) encodes one of the two Bcl-2 family members in Drosophila (the other being the product of Debcl). Its loss has been linked to altered energy metabolism in larvae. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Buffy/dBorg-2, dBorg-2, Buffy/Borg2

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
48C1-48C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-65
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:11679492..11688557
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables channel activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000135648
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellular response to starvation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hou et al., 2008)
involved_in ectopic germ cell programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yacobi-Sharon et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Quinn et al., 2003)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:hid; FB:FBgn0003997
(Quinn et al., 2003)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:rpr; FB:FBgn0011706
(Quinn et al., 2003)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:grim; FB:FBgn0015946
(Quinn et al., 2003)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Diap1; FB:FBgn0260635
(Quinn et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of macroautophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hou et al., 2008)
involved_in positive regulation of programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2010)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:grim; FB:FBgn0015946
(Wu et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in regulation of apoptotic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR026298, InterPro:IPR036834
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of Bcl-2 family protein complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Debcl; FB:FBgn0029131,FLYBASE:synr; FB:FBgn0031650
(Ikegawa et al., 2023)
located_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Doumanis et al., 2007)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Quinn et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrial outer membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000135648
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Buffy (Buffy) encodes one of the two Bcl-2 family members in Drosophila (the other being the product of Debcl). Its loss has been linked to altered energy metabolism in larvae. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
BCL-2 FAMILY -
The BCL-2 family are proteins that share up to four different BCL-2 homology (BH) motifs (BH1-BH4) within an alpha-helical bundle domain. Bcl-2 proteins can have pro- or anti-apoptotic activities. (Adapted from FBrf0187831 & PMID:26541461.)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

pro-survival homolog of the apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 - also regulates cell cycle - rescues α-synuclein-induced Parkinson disease-like phenotypes

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Buffy for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8T8Y5)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Buffy-RA
FBtr0088077
NM_078978
1038
299
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Buffy-PA
FBpp0087182
33.4
299
10.28
Q8T8Y5
NP_523702
AAF58628
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Buffy using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.10

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 11
organism | ubiquitous
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 12 -- 13
mesoderm
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
pupal stage
salivary gland
(Lee et al., 2003)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
organism
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
adult stage | male
head
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
abdomen & thorax
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
adult stage | female
head
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
abdomen & thorax
(Brachmann et al., 2000)
Additional Descriptive Data

The expression of this gene along with several others is induced in salivary glands in pupae at the time of head eversion. This stage is characterized by an increase in the ecdysone titer as well as large amounts of cell death in this tissue.

(Lee et al., 2003)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of Bcl-2 family protein complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Debcl; FB:FBgn0029131,FLYBASE:synr; FB:FBgn0031650
(Ikegawa et al., 2023)
located_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Doumanis et al., 2007)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Quinn et al., 2003)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Buffy in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Buffy
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Buffy
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 8 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (12)
Hsap\BOK
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\BAK1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BAX
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2A1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2L1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2L2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2L10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2L14
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\MCL1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BCL2
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\BCL2L2-PABPN1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BCL2L13
1 of 14
No
Yes
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (11)
Rnor\Bok
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Bak1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bax
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2a1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2l1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2l2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2l10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2l14
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bcl2l13
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Mcl1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (13)
Mmus\Bok
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Bak1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bax
2 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Mmus\Bcl2a1a
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2a1b
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2a1c
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2a1d
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2l1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2l2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2l10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2l14
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bcl2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Mcl1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\bok
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\bcl2l2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\bcl2l10
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\bcl2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mcl1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (14)
Drer\boka
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\bokb
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\baxa
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bcl2b
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bcl2l1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bcl2l10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bcl2l16
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100004321
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\mcl1a
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\mcl1b
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\baxb
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bcl2a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100534669
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\zgc:153993
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\ced-9
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011552
6 of 12
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Buffy. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
Debcl
11 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
BuffyRNAi.UAS
model of  Parkinson's disease
CEA
(M'Angale and Staveley, 2016)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
BOK; BCL2 family apoptosis regulator BOK
13 of 14
605404
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-65
      Cytogenetic map
      48C1-48C1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      48C1-48C1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}oho48Ak06524 and P{EP}walEP825&P{PZ}wal02516
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      48A-48E
      (Colussi, 2000.2.22)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-65

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-65.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (12)
      Genomic Clones (10)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (4)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Gene expression is increased in response to the presence of two copies of Scer\GAL4hs.PB.

            (Liu and Lehmann, 2008)

            Buffy is not essential for normal development.

            (Sevrioukov et al., 2007)

            The Buffy product inactivates the debcl protein.

            (Senoo-Matsuda et al., 2005)

            dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype in S2 cells. Cell death induction by treatment with proteasome inhibitors, rotenone, or 3-NP is suppressed, while cell death induction by tunicamycin is not affected.

            (Senoo-Matsuda et al., 2005)

            dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

            (Kiger et al., 2003)

            Buffy is required for cell survival and can prevent developmental and irradiation induced cell death.

            (Quinn et al., 2003)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments

            Source for identity of Buffy CG8238 was sequence comparison ( date:000327 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: dBorg-2 Buffy

            (Brachmann et al., 2000)

            Source for identity of: Buffy CG8238

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (15)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            BUFFY
            (Tunçbilek et al., 2023, Sentürk et al., 2020, Doumanis et al., 2007)
            Bcl-2-48AE
            Buffy
            (Fehr et al., 2025, Scopelliti et al., 2025, Wang et al., 2025, Xiu et al., 2025, Alaraby et al., 2024, Hasan and Staveley, 2024, Shan et al., 2024, Sulekh et al., 2024, Umargamwala et al., 2024, Dorogova et al., 2023, Fedorova et al., 2023, Ikegawa et al., 2023, Tu et al., 2023, Periasamy et al., 2022, Bilder et al., 2021, Buhlman et al., 2021, Hounsell and Fan, 2021, Zhu et al., 2021, Meltzer et al., 2019, Kutscher and Shaham, 2017, M'Angale and Staveley, 2017, M'Angale and Staveley, 2017, M'Angale and Staveley, 2017, M'Angale and Staveley, 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, M'Angale and Staveley, 2016, M'Angale and Staveley, 2016, M'Angale and Staveley, 2016, M'Angale and Staveley, 2016, M'Angale and Staveley, 2016, Nakazawa et al., 2016, Denton and Kumar, 2015, Sakamaki et al., 2015, Steller et al., 2014.7.9, Dick and Megeney, 2013, Rallis et al., 2013, Mackay et al., 2012, Pirooznia et al., 2012, Abdelwahid et al., 2011, Lam et al., 2010, Kadam et al., 2009, Kwon et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2009, Hou et al., 2008, Liu and Lehmann, 2008, Mast et al., 2008, Cao et al., 2007, Kuranaga and Miura, 2007, Martin et al., 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, Park et al., 2006)
            Buffy/Borg2
            (Burr et al., 2005, Purves et al., 2005)
            Buffy/DBorg-2
            (Vernooy et al., 2000)
            Buffy/dBorg-2
            (Galindo and Abrams, 2007, Danial and Korsmeyer, 2004, Igaki and Miura, 2004, Igaki et al., 2002, Richardson and Kumar, 2002)
            CG8238
            (Meadows, 2018.4.4, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Perkins et al., 2009, Lee et al., 2003)
            Dbx
            (Zhang et al., 2000)
            Drob2
            (Tsubouchi et al., 2009)
            buffy
            (Yadav et al., 2025, Demir and Kacew, 2023, Chen et al., 2019, Padash Barmchi et al., 2016, Yacobi-Sharon et al., 2013, Kuranaga, 2011, Terhzaz et al., 2010, Wu et al., 2010, Zirin and Perrimon, 2010, Tsubouchi et al., 2009, Sevrioukov et al., 2007, Monserrate et al., 2005, Ortega et al., 2005, Senoo-Matsuda et al., 2005, Gorski et al., 2003, Vernooy et al., 2000)
            dBORG-2/BUFFY
            (Meier et al., 2000)
            dBorg-2
            (Kornbluth and White, 2005, Gorski and Marra, 2002, Brachmann et al., 2000, Vernooy et al., 2000)
            dBorg2
            (Sevrioukov et al., 2007)
            dbuffy
            (Monserrate et al., 2007)
            Name Synonyms
            48A-E Bcl-2-like
            (Colussi et al., 2000)
            BUFFY
            (Doumanis et al., 2007)
            Buffy
            (M'Angale and Staveley, 2017, Yadav et al., 2016, Arya and White, 2015, Mensah et al., 2015, Steller et al., 2014.7.9, Pirooznia et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2009, Martin et al., 2007, Sevrioukov et al., 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, Kornbluth and White, 2005)
            buffy
            (Mensah et al., 2015, Brachmann, 2010.8.2)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0033646
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (131)