FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Scm
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Scm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Sex comb on midleg
Annotation Symbol
CG9495
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003334
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
15 publicly available
Gene Summary
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. (UniProt, Q9VHA0)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Sex combs on midleg, Su(z)302

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
85E2-85E2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-49
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:9633359..9637611
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (21 terms)
Molecular Function (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables identical protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VHA0
(Peterson et al., 1997)
enables PRC1 complex binding
inferred from direct assay
(Peterson et al., 2004)
inferred from direct assay
(Smith et al., 2011)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Sfmbt; FB:FBgn0032475
(Grimm et al., 2009)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P41046
(Salvaing et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P39769
(Peterson et al., 1997)
enables sequence-specific DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Smith et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chromatin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000261772
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables histone binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000261772
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables zinc ion binding
non-traceable author statement
(Bornemann et al., 1996)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010507, InterPro:IPR012313
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (12 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in anterior/posterior axis specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Simon et al., 1992)
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grueber et al., 2007)
involved_in compound eye development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Guo and Jin, 2015)
involved_in follicle cell of egg chamber stalk formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Narbonne et al., 2004)
involved_in germarium-derived female germ-line cyst encapsulation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Narbonne et al., 2004)
involved_in heterochromatin formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Smith et al., 2011, Roseman et al., 2001)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ph-p; FB:FBgn0004861
(Roseman et al., 2001)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Peterson et al., 2004)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from direct assay
(Smith et al., 2011)
involved_in negative regulation of growth
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Guo and Jin, 2015)
involved_in neurogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bello et al., 2007)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Simon et al., 1992)
involved_in ventral cord development
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Bivik et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000261772
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004092
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Klymenko et al., 2006)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Langlais et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000261772
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004092, InterPro:IPR012313
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the SCM family. (Q9VHA0)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
(UniProt, Q9VHA0)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Scm: Sex combs on midleg
Presumably Scm/+ males form sex combs on the mesothoracic legs; does not appear to have been explicitly described. Homozygous embryos show posteriorly directed transformations; A1 resembles A2 and A2-7 transformed into more posterior segments, head and thorax normal. Pcl Scm double homozygotes exhibit transformation of all segments toward A8; Keilin's organs retained in thoracic segments; head involution does not occur; prominant abdominal denticle band seen on dorsal surface of head. Homozygous embryos derived from transplanted homozygous maternal germ-cell precursors display A8 morphology in all thoracic and abdominal segments; head seems to resemble that of Pcl Scm double homozygotes produced by heterozygous mothers; heterozygous adults from homozygous oocytes show patchy transformations of A4 to A5 and of A6 and A7 to A8; similar transformation infrequently seen in heterozygous offspring of heterozygous mothers.
ScmK1
Strong dominant enhancer of the extra sex combs phenotype of Pc heterozygotes. Allelism to Scm inferred from phenotype and location.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

Polycomb group - a member of a protein complex, termed PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1) - Preincubation of nucleosomal arrays with PRC1 blocks the ability of these arrays to be remodeled by SWI/SNF - coordinates PcG complexes and polymerizes to produce broad domains of PcG silencing

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Scm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VHA0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Scm-RA
FBtr0082102
NM_169299
4069
877
Scm-RB
FBtr0306008
NM_001260077
3767
877
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4.1, 3.8 (longest cDNA)

(Bornemann et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Scm-PA
FBpp0081580
93.6
877
8.71
Q9VHA0
NP_731385
AAF54419
Scm-PB
FBpp0297150
93.6
877
8.71
Q9VHA0
NP_001247006
AFH06324
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

877 aa isoforms: Scm-PA, Scm-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

100 (kD observed)

(Bornemann et al., 1998)

877 (aa); 94 (kD predicted)

(Bornemann et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Scm associates with the PRC1 core complex containing PSC, PC, PH and Sce/RING1. Forms homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Interacts with the SAM domain of ph-p via its SAM domain in vitro. Interacts with corto in vitro.

(UniProt, Q9VHA0)
Domain

The SAM domain is essential for function.

(UniProt, Q9VHA0)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Scm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.22

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system

Comment: reference states >12 hr AEL

(Bornemann et al., 1996)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- pupal stage
(Bornemann et al., 1996)
adult stage & oogenesis
ovary
(Bornemann et al., 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Bornemann et al., 1998)
larval stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Bornemann et al., 1998)
adult stage | female
ovary
(Bornemann et al., 1998)
adult stage
adult head
(Bornemann et al., 1998)
adult stage | male
(Bornemann et al., 1998)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Klymenko et al., 2006)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Langlais et al., 2012)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Scm in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 35 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 29 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Scm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Scm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
lethal, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1, ScmH1
lethal, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1, ScmSPM.UAS.Tag:HA
lethal, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
lethal, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal | heat sensitive
lethal | male, with Scer\GAL4prd.RG1
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with ScmET50)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with ScmH1)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with Scm4)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with ScmH1)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL471B
viable, with Scer\GAL4A9
viable, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable | female, with Scer\GAL4prd.RG1
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell polarity | somatic clone
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | somatic clone
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
decreased cell number | somatic clone
homeotic
homeotic | adult stage | dominant | male
increased cell death | somatic clone
neoplasia | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
non-enhancer of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5
non-enhancer of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-31
non-suppressor of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5
non-suppressor of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-31
some die during embryonic stage (with Scm4)
some die during embryonic stage (with ScmH1)
some die during embryonic stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during larval stage
some die during larval stage | recessive
some die during pharate adult stage
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
some die during pupal stage (with ScmET50)
some die during pupal stage (with ScmH1)
some die during pupal stage | recessive
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-27
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}4
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}69
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}69M1
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}69M2
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}69M3
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{wA}4-4
visible, with Scer\GAL471B
visible, with Scer\GAL4A9
visible, with Scer\GAL4A9, ScmH1
visible, with Scer\GAL4A9, ScmSPM.UAS.Tag:HA
visible, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
visible, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
visible | adult stage | dominant | male
visible | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible | dominant | homeotic
visible | female | homeotic, with Scer\GAL4prd.RG1
visible | homeotic
visible | homeotic | male, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
visible | homeotic | male, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
visible | somatic clone
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
abdominal tergite 4 | male
abdominal tergite 6 | male
adult abdominal segment 4
adult abdominal segment 5 | ectopic
adult abdominal segment 6
adult abdominal segment 7 | ectopic
adult cuticle | somatic clone
antenna | ectopic | somatic clone
antenna | female, with Scer\GAL4prd.RG1
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax Ap4
axon
dendritic arborizing neuron
egg chamber
embryo
embryonic/first instar larval cuticle
embryonic segment
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
eye | ectopic | somatic clone
eye | somatic clone
haltere | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
larval abdominal segment 1
larval abdominal segment 1 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 2
larval abdominal segment 2 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 2 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 3
larval abdominal segment 3 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 3 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 4
larval abdominal segment 4 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 4 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 5
larval abdominal segment 5 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 5 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 6
larval abdominal segment 6 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 6 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 7
larval abdominal segment 7 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 7 | germline clone
larval abdominal segment 8 | ectopic
larval abdominal segment 8 | ectopic | germline clone
larval mesothoracic segment
larval mesothoracic segment | germline clone
larval metathoracic segment
larval metathoracic segment | germline clone
larval prothoracic segment
larval prothoracic segment | germline clone
leg | ectopic | female, with Scer\GAL4prd.RG1
leg | male, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
leg | male, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
mesothoracic leg
mesothoracic leg | male
neuroblast | somatic clone
ommatidium | somatic clone
pigment cell
posterior crossvein, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
prothoracic leg | ectopic | male
sex comb
sex comb | ectopic
sex comb | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
sex comb | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
stalk follicle cell | ectopic
wing
wing, with Scer\GAL471B
wing, with Scer\GAL4A9
wing, with Scer\GAL4A9, ScmH1
wing, with Scer\GAL4A9, ScmSPM.UAS.Tag:HA
wing, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
wing, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
wing | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing | somatic clone
wing blade, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
wing blade, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (21)
Hsap\SCMH1
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SCML2
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SCML4
4 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\SCML1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\L3MBTL1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\L3MBTL2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\L3MBTL4
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MBTD1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PHC2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SFMBT1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SFMBT2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\L3MBTL3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PHC1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PHC3
1 of 14
No
No
0  
Hsap\SAMD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD7
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD10
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SAMD11
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD12
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD13
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\THAP10
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (11)
Rnor\Scmh1
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Scml2
8 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Scml4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\L3mbtl1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\L3mbtl2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sfmbt1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sfmbt2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\L3mbtl3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\L3mbtl4
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mbtd1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Phc2
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (11)
Mmus\Scmh1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Scml2
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Scml4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\L3mbtl1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\L3mbtl2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\L3mbtl3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\L3mbtl4
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mbtd1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sfmbt1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sfmbt2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Phc2
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (11)
Xtro\rasl12
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\scmh1
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\scml2
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\scml4
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\l3mbtl3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\lancl3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mbtd1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\phc3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\samd7
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\samd11
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sfmbt1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (11)
Drer\scmh1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\scml2
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\scml4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\l3mbtl1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\l3mbtl2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sfmbt2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\l3mbtl3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC100330797
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC101883783
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\mbtd1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\sfmbt1
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\lin-61
1 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\mbtr-1
1 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\tir-1
1 of 14
Yes
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (7)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003268
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006811
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010202
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004188
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010081
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010158
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012177
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Scm. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (8)
l(3)mbt
3 of 13
Sfmbt
3 of 13
ph-d
2 of 13
ph-p
2 of 13
ave
1 of 13
Lint-O
1 of 13
Samuel
1 of 13
Sarm
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    SCMH1; Scm polycomb group protein homolog 1
    10 of 14
    616396
        SCML2; Scm polycomb group protein like 2
        10 of 14
        300208
            SCML4; Scm polycomb group protein like 4
            4 of 14
                 
                SCML1; Scm polycomb group protein like 1
                3 of 14
                300227
                    Functional Complementation Data
                    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                    Interactions
                    Summary of Physical Interactions
                    Interaction Browsers
                    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
                    protein-protein
                    Physical Interaction
                    Assay
                    References
                    Scm
                    two hybrid, pull down, autoradiography
                    (Peterson et al., 2004, Peterson et al., 1997)
                    Scm - ATbp
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - CG6765
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - CG8159
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - CG9932
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - CoRest
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Cph
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - E(z)
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - G9a
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - His3
                    x-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry
                    (Grimm et al., 2007)
                    Scm - His4
                    x-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry
                    (Grimm et al., 2007)
                    Scm - Lime
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - Lint-1
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Mad
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - Mccc1
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - NfI
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - Pc
                    molecular sieving, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015, Shao et al., 1999)
                    Scm - Pcl
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Psc
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, molecular sieving, western blot
                    (Kang et al., 2015, Peterson et al., 2004, Shao et al., 1999)
                    Scm - Ptx1
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - SMC5
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Sce
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Sfmbt
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry, x-ray crystallography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down
                    (Frey et al., 2016, Kang et al., 2015, Grimm et al., 2009)
                    Scm - Spps
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - Su(var)2-1
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Su(var)3-3
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Su(z)12
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - Su(z)2
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - corto
                    two hybrid, pull down, autoradiography
                    (Salvaing et al., 2003)
                    Scm - drm
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - esc
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - fuss
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - kn
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - l(3)mbt
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - lwr
                    pull down, anti tag western blot, autoradiography
                    (Liaw, 2022, Smith et al., 2011)
                    Scm - ocm
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - ph-d
                    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                    (Frey et al., 2016)
                    Scm - ph-p
                    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, pull down, autoradiography, surface plasmon resonance, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry, molecular sieving, affinity chromatography technology, x-ray crystallography, two hybrid
                    (Frey et al., 2016, Kang et al., 2015, Grau et al., 2010, Grimm et al., 2009, Kim et al., 2005, Peterson et al., 2004, Shao et al., 1999, Peterson et al., 1997)
                    Scm - pho
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Scm - rn
                    two hybrid array
                    (Shokri et al., 2019)
                    Scm - tea
                    tandem affinity purification, Identification by mass spectrometry
                    (Kang et al., 2015)
                    Summary of Genetic Interactions
                    Interaction Browsers
                    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    Scm
                    suppressible
                    CtBP
                    (Bi et al., 2022)
                    Scm
                    enhanceable
                    gpp
                    (Shanower et al., 2005)
                    Scm
                    suppressible
                    Marcal1
                    (Morimoto et al., 2016)
                    Scm
                    enhanceable
                    mxc
                    (Docquier et al., 1996)
                    Scm
                    enhanceable
                    psq
                    (Huang et al., 2002)
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    Abd-B
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Mihaly et al., 1997)
                    ash1|trx
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Gildea et al., 2000)
                    ct
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Melnikova et al., 1996)
                    E2f1
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Ji et al., 2012)
                    E(z)
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Bajusz et al., 2001)
                    mxc
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Saget et al., 1998, Docquier et al., 1996)
                    Pc
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Bornemann et al., 1998, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
                    su(Hw)|y
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Roseman et al., 2001)
                    trx|ash1
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Gildea et al., 2000)
                    w
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Netter et al., 1998)
                    wg
                    enhanceable
                    Scm
                    (Lee et al., 2005)
                    z
                    suppressible
                    Scm
                    (Bornemann et al., 1998, Bornemann et al., 1996)
                    External Data
                    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                    Scm associates with the PRC1 core complex containing PSC, PC, PH and Sce/RING1. Forms homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Interacts with the SAM domain of ph-p via its SAM domain in vitro. Interacts with corto in vitro.
                    (UniProt, Q9VHA0 )
                    Linkouts
                    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    Pathways
                    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                    Metabolic Pathways
                    FlyBase
                    External Links
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                    Class of Gene
                    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                    Chromosome (arm)
                    3R
                    Recombination map
                    3-49
                    Cytogenetic map
                    85E2-85E2
                    Sequence location
                    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Evidence for location
                    85E2-85E2
                    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CrcEP3006 and P{lacW}s2681
                    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Notes
                    References
                    85F-85F
                    (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
                    Location from complementation analysis with deficiency and duplication chromosomes (details unspecified).
                    (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
                    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                    Location

                    3-49

                    (FlyBase, 2016, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Jurgens, 1985)

                    3-46.2

                    (Comeron et al., 2012)

                    3-48.5

                    (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
                    Left of (cM)
                    (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
                    Right of (cM)
                    (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
                    Notes
                    Stocks and Reagents
                    Stocks (15)
                    Genomic Clones (20)
                    cDNA Clones (39)
                     

                    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                    RNAi and Array Information
                    Linkouts
                    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                    Antibody Information
                    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                     

                    polyclonal

                    (Gambetta et al., 2009, Bornemann et al., 1998)
                    Commercially Available Antibodies
                     
                    Cell Line Information
                    Publicly Available Cell Lines
                     
                      Other Stable Cell Lines
                       
                        Other Comments

                        Scm is required for normal neuroblast survival and proliferation in postembryonic central nervous system development.

                        (Bello et al., 2007)

                        Silencing activity depends upon a protein interaction domain in tethered Scm protein.

                        (Roseman et al., 2001)

                        Pc-G proteins can silence gene expression at a large number of chromosomal locations, affecting both enhancer-activated and basal w transcription. Repression is observed even with separation distances of up to 3.0kb between target promoters and binding sites for tethered Pc-G proteins.

                        (Roseman et al., 2001)

                        Pc, Scm, Psc, ph-p and ph-d contribute to the PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1). PRC1 directly antagonizes ATP-dependent remodeling of nucleosomal arrays in a purified system and may directly modulate (and be modified by) SWI/SNF (brm/mor) activity.

                        (Shao et al., 1999)

                        Silencing activity of the iab-7PRE in the bithorax complex is dependent upon proteins from the Polycomb group.

                        (Hagstrom et al., 1997)

                        The SPM domain of ph-p and Scm mediates direct interaction between these proteins, and is sufficient for these protein interactions.

                        (Peterson et al., 1997)

                        Scm encodes a zinc finger protein with similarity to the polyhomeotic proteins.

                        (Bornemann et al., 1996)

                        In an effort to subdivide the Pc-group genes functionally, the phenotypes of adult flies heterozygous for every pairwise combination of Pc-group mutation were examined. Asx, Pc, Pcl, Psc, Scm and Sce have similar functions in some imaginal tissues. Most duplications of Pc-group genes neither exhibit anterior transformations nor suppress the extra sex comb phenotype of Pc-group mutations, suggesting that not all Pc-group genes behave as predicted by the mass action model.

                        (Campbell et al., 1995)

                        Sections of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes.

                        (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995)

                        The effect of mutations in the Scm locus on mutagenesis in the y2ns scme double superunstable system has been analysed.

                        (Elagin et al., 1994)

                        The bithorax complex genes are regulated by the Pc group of genes, acting via 'Pc group response elements' (PREs), that can work even when removed from the normal bithorax complex context. The Pc group products apparently provide stable memory or imprinting of boundaries which are specified by gap and pair-rule regulators.

                        (Simon et al., 1993)

                        Embryos mutant for two or more Pc group genes (Pc, Scm, Pcl, Psc, Asx, E(Pc), E(z), ph-d, pho and esc) show strong ectopic en expression, but only weak derepression occurs if embryo is mutant at only one of the Pc group genes. This effect is independent of the function of en itself, and wg.

                        (Moazed and O'Farrell, 1992)

                        Mutations of genes in the polycomb group (esc, E(z), Pc, ph-p, ph-d, Scm, Pcl, Sce, Asx, Psc, pho and Antp) cause abnormal segmental development due to the ectopic expression of abd-A and Abd-B. Embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic Scm product were generated to determine abd-A and Abd-B expression patterns.

                        (Simon et al., 1992)

                        The Pc group genes are negative regulators of homeotic genes.

                        (McKeon and Brock, 1991)

                        Dominant suppressor of z1 eye colour: yellow eye colour darken to an orange tan, and is also associated with homeotic transformations.

                        (Wu et al., 1989)

                        Scm is one of the 18 loci identified in a screen for dominant modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not.

                        (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)

                        Pole cell transplantation techniques demonstrate that Scm is maternally expressed and is required for normal BXC expression during embryogenesis.

                        (Breen and Duncan, 1986)
                        Relationship to Other Genes
                        Source for database merge of
                        Additional comments
                        Nomenclature History
                        Source for database identify of
                        Nomenclature comments
                        Etymology
                        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
                        Reported As
                        Symbol Synonym
                        CG9495
                        (Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008, Klebes et al., 2005, Stempfl et al., 2002)
                        SCM
                        (Wani et al., 2016, Bajusz et al., 2015, Di Croce and Helin, 2013, Lanzuolo and Orlando, 2012, Bonasio et al., 2010, Suganuma and Workman, 2010, Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, Salvaing et al., 2006, Mallin et al., 2002, Saurin et al., 2001)
                        Scm
                        (Martinez, 2025, Brown et al., 2024, Pang et al., 2023, Ding et al., 2022, Feijão et al., 2022, Kang et al., 2022, Chaouch and Lasko, 2021, Barbour et al., 2020, Chetverina et al., 2020, DeLuca et al., 2020, Jefferies et al., 2020, Kuroda et al., 2020, Bonnet et al., 2019, Jiang et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Dasari et al., 2018, Monribot-Villanueva et al., 2017, Frey et al., 2016, Goto et al., 2016, Morimoto et al., 2016, Shih et al., 2016, Azzag et al., 2015, Bivik et al., 2015, Dietz et al., 2015, Finley et al., 2015, Ghasemi et al., 2015, Kang et al., 2015, Na et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Singh and Mishra, 2015, Gambetta and Müller, 2014, Kim et al., 2014, McElroy et al., 2014, Alfieri et al., 2013, Bengani et al., 2013, Vasanthi et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Ji et al., 2012, Langlais et al., 2012, Smith et al., 2012, Stern et al., 2012, Cavalli, 2011, Smith et al., 2011, Baig et al., 2010, Gandille et al., 2010, Gan et al., 2010, Grau et al., 2010, Smulders-Srinivasan et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2010, Gambetta et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Grimm et al., 2009, Khan et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Cukier et al., 2008, Estella et al., 2008, Oktaba et al., 2008, Bai et al., 2007, Bello et al., 2007, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007, Dietzl et al., 2007, Grimm et al., 2007, Grueber et al., 2007, Kankel et al., 2007, Lu et al., 2007, Schuettengruber et al., 2007, Klymenko et al., 2006, Muller and Kassis, 2006, Ali and Bender, 2004, Huang et al., 2002)
                        Su(z)302
                        (Melnikova et al., 1996, Pirrotta, 1990, Wu et al., 1989)
                        l(3)85Ef
                        scm
                        (Bischof et al., 2018, Lo et al., 2016, Guo and Jin, 2015, Solano et al., 2003)
                        Name Synonyms
                        Sex Comb on Midleg
                        (Smith et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2010)
                        Sex Comb on the Midleg
                        (Wani et al., 2016)
                        Sex comb on midleg
                        (McElroy et al., 2014, Stern et al., 2012, Baig et al., 2010, Suganuma and Workman, 2010, Chen et al., 2008, Grimm et al., 2007, Kankel et al., 2007, Muller and Kassis, 2006)
                        Sex combs on midleg
                        (Gambetta and Müller, 2014, Cukier et al., 2008, Bello et al., 2007, Eissenberg, 2006, Maeda and Karch, 2006, Ali and Bender, 2004)
                        Sex combs on midlegs
                        (Estella et al., 2008)
                        sex comb on midleg
                        (Guo and Jin, 2015)
                        Secondary FlyBase IDs
                          Datasets (0)
                          Study focus (0)
                          Experimental Role
                          Project
                          Project Type
                          Title
                          Study result (0)
                          Result
                          Result Type
                          Title
                          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 64 )
                          Sequence Crossreferences
                          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                          Other crossreferences
                          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                          Linkouts
                          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                          References (252)