FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\futsch
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\futsch
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
futsch
Annotation Symbol
CG34387
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0259108
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Summary
futsch (futsch) encodes a microtubule binding protein involved in the formation of synaptic buttons at the neuromuscular junctions. Its expression levels are regulated by the product of TBPH to prevent synaptic defects. [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

22C10, mAb22C10, mAb 22C10, MAP1B, EG:49E4.1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
2A2-2A3
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-0.2
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:1409069..1453686
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (24 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables kinase binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q5S007
(Lee et al., 2010)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VDJ9
(Lee et al., 2010)
enables microtubule binding
inferred from direct assay
(Hummel et al., 2000, Roos et al., 2000)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Fmr1; FB:FBgn0028734
(Zhang et al., 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables microtubule binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR026074
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axo-dendritic transport
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hummel et al., 2000)
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hummel et al., 2000)
involved_in microtubule cytoskeleton organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shi et al., 2019)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Coyne et al., 2014, Roos et al., 2000)
involved_in negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
involved_in neurofilament cytoskeleton organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
involved_in olfactory learning
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
involved_in positive regulation of axon regeneration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Vargas et al., 2020)
involved_in regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Franco et al., 2004, Roos et al., 2000)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shi et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in dendrite development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in microtubule cytoskeleton organization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009603, InterPro:IPR026074
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in regulation of microtubule depolymerization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
located_in dendrite
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
part_of microtubule associated complex
inferred from direct assay
(Hummel et al., 2000, Roos et al., 2000)
located_in microtubule cytoskeleton
inferred from direct assay
(Hummel et al., 2000)
located_in neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shi et al., 2019)
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in dendrite
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of microtubule associated complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in microtubule
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in microtubule
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR026074
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in neuronal cell body
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in synapse
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000353807
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
futsch (futsch) encodes a microtubule binding protein involved in the formation of synaptic buttons at the neuromuscular junctions. Its expression levels are regulated by the product of TBPH to prevent synaptic defects. [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
During embryogenesis, necessary for dendritic and axonal organization and growth at the neuromuscular junction through the regulation of the synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Microtubule hairpin loops are found within a small subset of synaptic boutons at the neuromuscular synapse, these loops are stabilized by futsch (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Loop morphology and dynamics suggest that rearrangement of these microtubule-based loops is a critical component of the process of bouton division and for subsequent nerve-terminal growth and branching (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Translation is repressed by Fmr1 (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Together with ringer, required for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) bouton growth by regulating synaptic microtubules (PubMed:31156389). Function with ringer in maintaining microtubule stability and dynamics, is essential for promoting axon regeneration in response to peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) injury (PubMed:31919191). In response to axotomy, acts downstream of a stress response cascade involving Xbp1 splicing, to control axon regeneration (PubMed:31919191).
(UniProt, Q9W596)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

microtubule-associated protein regulating axon guidance - Futsch/MAP1B mRNA is a translational target of TDP-43 and is neuroprotective in a Drosophila model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\futsch for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W596)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
futsch-RC
FBtr0112628
NM_001103394
19300
5495
futsch-RE
FBtr0307597
NM_001169161
22255
5495
futsch-RF
FBtr0307598
NM_001258532
20736
5495
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
futsch-PC
FBpp0111540
592.1
5495
4.61
Q9W596
NP_001096864
ABW09325
futsch-PE
FBpp0300235
592.1
5495
4.61
Q9W596
NP_001162632
AAF45622
futsch-PF
FBpp0300236
592.1
5495
4.61
Q9W596
NP_001245461
AFH07176
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

5495 aa isoforms: futsch-PC, futsch-PE, futsch-PF
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Heterodimer of a heavy and a light chain (PubMed:18419581). Interacts with Fmr1 (PubMed:11733059). Found in a complex with tubulin and Futsch (PubMed:31156389).

(UniProt, Q9W596)
Post Translational Modification

Several minor light chains can be created with markedly different pIs.

Phosphorylated by SGG/GSK3. Phosphorylated by LRRK2 at the presynapse of neuromuscular junctions, which negatively regulates the activity controlling synaptic differentiation.

(UniProt, Q9W596)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\futsch using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.73

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
larval midline neuron
(Kearney et al., 2004)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
organism
(Coyne et al., 2014)
embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell
(Coyne et al., 2014)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Coyne et al., 2014)
Additional Descriptive Data

futsch-transcripts were detected at third instar larval stage via quantitative RT-PCR.

(Coyne et al., 2014)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 11
dMP2 neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
vMP2 neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 13
larval VUM motor neuron
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
larval VUM neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
larval DA1 motor neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
larval abdominal lch5 neuron
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
chordotonal neuron of mesothoracic dorsal triscolopidial chordotonal organ dch3
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
chordotonal neuron of metathoracic dorsal triscolopidial chordotonal organ dch3
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
embryonic stage 14
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Ozon et al., 2002)
embryonic stage 14 -- 17
larval DA1 motor neuron
(O'Connor-Giles and Skeath, 2003)
sensory neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 15
chordotonal neuron
(Kaminker et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 15 -- 16
chordotonal organ
(Kurant et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 17
larval VUM motor neuron
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
third instar larval stage
sensory neuron
(Sanyal, 2009)
motor neuron
(Sanyal, 2009)
late third instar larval stage
photoreceptor neuron
(Hummel et al., 2000)
Bolwig nerve
(Hummel et al., 2000)
wandering third instar larval stage
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Coyne et al., 2014)
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction
(Coyne et al., 2014)
embryonic/larval motor neuron
(Coyne et al., 2014)
inferred from author statements
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
larval MP1 neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
larval DA1 motor neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
SP1 neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
vMP2 neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
larval VUM neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
larval RP2 motor neuron
(Mellerick and Modica, 2002)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
• membrane
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
larval ventral nerve cord
(Coyne et al., 2014)
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction
(Coyne et al., 2014)
Additional Descriptive Data

Expressed in the vast majority of central and peripheral neurons.

(Sanyal, 2009)

Expression assayed at stages 9, 11, 13, and 17. Expression may be continuous between assayed stages in some tissues.

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

The earliest expression of futsch protein is at embryonic stage 11, in the vMP2 and dMP2 interneurons.

(Hummel et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
chordotonal neuron
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
external sensory organ precursor cell
(Mellert et al., 2012)
larval DA1 motor neuron
(O'Connor-Giles and Skeath, 2003)
neuron
(Nolo et al., 2000)
sensory neuron
(Adolph et al., 2009, Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
located_in dendrite
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
part_of microtubule associated complex
inferred from direct assay
(Hummel et al., 2000, Roos et al., 2000)
located_in microtubule cytoskeleton
inferred from direct assay
(Hummel et al., 2000)
located_in neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shi et al., 2019)
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\futsch in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 18 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of futsch
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of futsch
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal | recessive
viable
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
male fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal auditory perception | adult stage
abnormal learning | adult stage
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | dominant
abnormal neuroanatomy | dominant
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage | progressive
abnormal neuroanatomy | late embryonic stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage
abnormal neurophysiology
abnormal neurophysiology, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal size | dominant
abnormal smell perception | adult stage
increased cell death | adult stage
short lived, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult brain
adult brain, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
antennal lobe
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax | late embryonic stage
axon, with Scer\GAL4sim.PS
bouton
bouton, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
bouton | third instar larval stage
calyx of adult mushroom body
dendritic branch | larval stage
dendritic tree | larval stage
embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell | third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval motor neuron | third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | larval stage
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4RapGAP1-OK6
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage
larval LL1 motor neuron | larval stage
larval multidendritic class IV neuron | larval stage
microtubule & antennal lobe
microtubule | larval stage
microtubule | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4RapGAP1-OK6
mitochondrion
mitochondrion & neuron
neuromuscular junction
neuromuscular junction, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
neuropil
NMJ bouton | decreased number | third instar larval stage
NMJ bouton | larval stage
photoreceptor neuron
photoreceptor neuron, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
protocerebrum
synapse
synapse, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
synapse & microtubule
terminal bouton | third instar larval stage
type Ib terminal bouton | increased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4RapGAP1-OK6
type Is terminal bouton | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4RapGAP1-OK6
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (6)
Hsap\MAP1B
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\MAP1A
7 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\MAP1S
6 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GOLGA6L2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MUC12
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NIPBL
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Map1b
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Map1a
6 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Map1s
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Nipbl
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\RGD1306441
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)
Mmus\Map1b
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Map1a
7 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Map1s
5 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Muc16
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nipbl
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Spertl
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\map1b
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\map1s
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\map1a
5 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\cds2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mia3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\nipbl
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (10)
Drer\map1ab
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\map1sb
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\map1b
7 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\map1aa
6 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\map1sa
6 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\adgrg2a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC100331694
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\nipblb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\si:ch73-138n13.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:dkey-187i8.2
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\maph-1.2
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\maph-1.3
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\maph-1.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\unc-44
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\unc-89
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001194
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002273
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005471
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:futsch. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
CG2839
1 of 13
CG44666
1 of 13
dpy
1 of 13
tho2
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    MAP1B; microtubule associated protein 1B
    8 of 14
    157129
    MAP1A; microtubule associated protein 1A
    7 of 14
    600178
        MAP1S; microtubule associated protein 1S
        6 of 14
        607573
            Functional Complementation Data
            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
            Interactions
            Summary of Physical Interactions
            Interaction Browsers
            View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
            Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
            protein-protein
            Physical Interaction
            Assay
            References
            futsch
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Zou et al., 2008)
            futsch - Ank2
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Stephan et al., 2015)
            futsch - Lrrk
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Lee et al., 2010)
            futsch - NaPi-III
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Ma et al., 2017)
            futsch - Rtnl1
            anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (O'Sullivan et al., 2012)
            futsch - aPKC
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004)
            futsch - brp
            proximity ligation assay, fluorescence microscopy
            (Lepicard et al., 2014)
            futsch - cac
            proximity ligation assay, fluorescence microscopy
            (Lepicard et al., 2014)
            futsch - sgg
            protein kinase assay, autoradiography
            (Gogel et al., 2006)
            futsch - αTub84B
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, proximity ligation assay, fluorescence microscopy
            (Vargas et al., 2020, Lepicard et al., 2014)
            futsch - αTub84D
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Vargas et al., 2020)
            futsch - αTub85E
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
            (Vargas et al., 2020)
            RNA-protein
            Physical Interaction
            Assay
            References
            futsch - Fmr1
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, reverse transcription pcr, primer specific pcr
            (Leahy et al., 2023, Song et al., 2022, Worpenberg et al., 2021, Russo and DiAntonio, 2019, Sears et al., 2019, Vita and Broadie, 2017, Cvetkovska et al., 2013, Liu et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2001)
            futsch - Syp
            anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
            (McDermott et al., 2014)
            futsch - TBPH
            electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, pull down, primer specific pcr
            (Romano et al., 2016, Coyne et al., 2014, Godena et al., 2011)
            futsch - Ythdf
            proximity labelling technology, nucleotide sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
            (Worpenberg et al., 2021)
            Summary of Genetic Interactions
            External Data
            Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
            Heterodimer of a heavy and a light chain (PubMed:18419581). Interacts with Fmr1 (PubMed:11733059). Found in a complex with tubulin and Futsch (PubMed:31156389).
            (UniProt, Q9W596 )
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Pathways
            Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
            Metabolic Pathways
            FlyBase
            External Links
            External Data
            Linkouts
            Class of Gene
            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
            Chromosome (arm)
            X
            Recombination map
            1-0.2
            Cytogenetic map
            2A2-2A3
            Sequence location
            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Evidence for location
            2A2-2A3
            Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}futschEP1419 and P{EP}brEP1515
            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Notes
            References
            1F-2A
            (Hummel et al., 2000)
            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
            Location

            1-0.2

            (FlyBase, 2016)

            1-0.1

            (Comeron et al., 2012)
            Left of (cM)
            Right of (cM)
            Notes
            Stocks and Reagents
            Stocks (11)
            Genomic Clones (28)
            cDNA Clones (33)
             

            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

            cDNA clones, fully sequenced
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

            For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             

            polyclonal

            (Zou et al., 2008, Gogel et al., 2006)
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

                (Kiger et al., 2003)

                Either loss or overexpression of Fmr1 or futsch have identical effects on synaptic transmission - elevation at the NMJ and suppression in photoreceptor cells.

                (Zhang et al., 2001)

                futsch is necessary for dendritic and axonal growth.

                (Hummel et al., 2000)

                futsch may control synaptic growth at the neuromuscular junction through the regulation of the synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton.

                (Roos et al., 2000)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: EG:49E4.1 CG3064

                (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.4.7)

                Source for merge of: futsch EG:49E4.1

                (Gatt, 2000.11.14)

                Source for merge of: futsch CG14772

                (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)

                Source for merge of: futsch olk

                (Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
                Additional comments

                Annotations CG3064 and CG14772 merged as CG34387 in release 5.2 of the genome annotation.

                (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology

                futsch is German for "gone".

                (Hummel et al., 2000)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (32)
                Reported As
                Symbol Synonym
                22C10
                (Klann et al., 2021, Vieillard et al., 2015, Tevy et al., 2014, Bharadwaj et al., 2013, Sato and Shibuya, 2013, Yang et al., 2013, Bolkan et al., 2012, Newton et al., 2012, Patel et al., 2012, Stewart et al., 2012, Belacortu et al., 2011, Berzsenyi et al., 2011, Besson et al., 2011, Keene et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2011, Matsubara et al., 2011, Mukherjee et al., 2011, Navarro et al., 2011, Nguyen et al., 2011, Pandey et al., 2011, Quijano et al., 2011, Schmidt et al., 2011, Sprecher et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Xin et al., 2011, Yamasaki et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Zhu and Bhat, 2011, Dutta et al., 2010, Figeac et al., 2010, Herr et al., 2010, Klein et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2010, Sato et al., 2010, Yamamoto-Hino et al., 2010, zur Lage and Jarman, 2010, Ahantarig et al., 2009, Chang and Min, 2009, Górska-Andrzejak et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2009, Rand et al., 2009, Sehadova et al., 2009, Udolph et al., 2009, Buch et al., 2008, Crozatier and Vincent, 2008, Erclik et al., 2008, Guntur and Lundell, 2008, Kain et al., 2008, Le Gall et al., 2008, Li-Kroeger et al., 2008, Ostrowski et al., 2008, Schneider and Baumgartner, 2008, Sokol et al., 2008, Taylor and Adler, 2008, von Hilchen et al., 2008, Zou et al., 2008, Bader et al., 2007, Beramendi et al., 2007, Bhat, 2007, Chu-LaGraff et al., 2007, Cornbrooks et al., 2007, Fernandes and Krishan, 2007, Fischler et al., 2007, Grillenzoni et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2007, Llorens et al., 2007, Mehnert et al., 2007, Orian et al., 2007, Rajendra et al., 2007, Ratnaparkhi and Zinn, 2007, Sevrioukov et al., 2007, Sterling et al., 2007, Acar et al., 2006, Ataman, 2006, Billeter et al., 2006, Chang et al., 2006, Hiramoto and Hiromi, 2006, Holohan et al., 2006, Kamikouchi et al., 2006, Kopytova et al., 2006, Lehmann et al., 2006, Park et al., 2006, Pereira et al., 2006, Sanchez, 2006, Sanchez et al., 2006, Sengupta and Lakhotia, 2006, Singh et al., 2006, Sweeney et al., 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006, Yamamoto, 2006, Ashley et al., 2005, Beronja et al., 2005, Bessa and Casares, 2005, Bhalerao et al., 2005, Bhat, 2005, Coulson et al., 2005, Davis et al., 2005, Dulcis et al., 2005, Dutta et al., 2005, Escudero et al., 2005, Hoehne et al., 2005, Kristiansen et al., 2005, Layalle et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2005, Melcher and Pankratz, 2005, Merianda et al., 2005, Mizutani et al., 2005, Monier et al., 2005, Read et al., 2005, Rogers et al., 2005, Sanchez-Soriano et al., 2005, Schubiger et al., 2005, Singh et al., 2005, Usui-Ishihara and Simpson, 2005, Verstreken et al., 2005, Wildonger and Mann, 2005, Yano et al., 2005, Andrenacci et al., 2004, Beck et al., 2004, Domingos et al., 2004, Gong et al., 2004, Grabbe et al., 2004, Hebbar and Fernandes, 2004, Islam et al., 2004, Kinrade and Hidalgo, 2004, Koh et al., 2004, Langlais et al., 2004, Mace and Tugores, 2004, Mellerick and Liu, 2004, Niwa et al., 2004, Pielage et al., 2004, Powell et al., 2004, Read et al., 2004, zur Lage et al., 2004, Artero et al., 2003, Fujioka et al., 2003, Grueber et al., 2003, Han et al., 2003, Inbal et al., 2003, Koelzer and Klein, 2003, McDonald et al., 2003, Michaud and Tanguay, 2003, O'Connor-Giles and Skeath, 2003, Reim et al., 2003, Schenck et al., 2003, Sepp and Auld, 2003, Shandala et al., 2003, Singh and Choi, 2003, Villa-Cuesta et al., 2003, Weng et al., 2003, With et al., 2003, Yamada et al., 2003, Yang et al., 2003, Dubruille et al., 2002, Dumstrei et al., 2002, Eaton et al., 2002, Goberdhan and Wilson, 2002, Hardiman et al., 2002, Jhaveri and Rodrigues, 2002, Kambris et al., 2002, Marques et al., 2002, Mellerick and Modica, 2002, Moore et al., 2002, Ozon et al., 2002, Packard et al., 2002, Rusten et al., 2002, Schenkel et al., 2002, Schmid et al., 2002, Song et al., 2002, Song et al., 2002, Soustelle et al., 2002, Sweeney et al., 2002, Tekotte et al., 2002, Terman et al., 2002, Uhler et al., 2002, Umesono et al., 2002, Wang et al., 2002, Xu et al., 2002, Adachi et al., 2001, Alonso et al., 2001, Badenhorst, 2001, Ben-Yaacov et al., 2001, Bulgheresi et al., 2001, Inbal et al., 2001, Jones, 2001, Kammermeier et al., 2001, Kataoka et al., 2001, Koizumi et al., 2001, Kumar et al., 2001, Mehta and Bhat, 2001, Mohtashami et al., 2001, Murawsky et al., 2001, Plaza et al., 2001, Quinn et al., 2001, Ramain et al., 2001, Rusten et al., 2001, Schimmelpfeng et al., 2001, Sepp et al., 2001, Vandaele et al., 2001, Aguilera et al., 2000, Bhat et al., 2000, Bour et al., 2000, Brown and Castelli-Gair Hombria, 2000, Chen and Rebay, 2000, Connell-Crowley, 2000, Eberl et al., 2000, Geng et al., 2000, Hiramoto et al., 2000, Hoyle et al., 2000, Ishimoto et al., 2000, Kuang et al., 2000, Kurant and Salzberg, 2000, Lai et al., 2000, Nolo et al., 2000, Quinn et al., 2000, Schmucker et al., 2000, Schubiger and Truman, 2000, Usui-Ishihara et al., 2000, White and Jarman, 2000, Yeh et al., 2000, Ashraf et al., 1999, Auld, 1999, Byars et al., 1999, Gao et al., 1999, Helms et al., 1999, Irion and Leptin, 1999, Justice et al., 1999, Lear et al., 1999, Lilly et al., 1999, Madden et al., 1999, Lundell et al., 1996)
                22C10/FUTSCH
                (Sedaghat et al., 2002)
                22C20
                (Bennett et al., 2008)
                22c10
                (Yadav and Tapadia, 2013, Momota et al., 2011, Zweier et al., 2009, Griffiths et al., 2007, Griffiths and Hidalgo, 2004, Ragone et al., 2003, Durand et al., 2001, Yeh et al., 2001, Booth et al., 2000, Hidalgo and Booth, 2000, Taniguchi et al., 2000)
                CG14772
                CG3064
                (Benos, 2000.12.13, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
                CG34387
                (Çiçek et al., 2016, Rosa-Ferreira et al., 2015, Meadows, 2014.12.12, Chen et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Zhang et al., 2010, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)
                EG:49E4.1
                (Bolshakov et al., 2002, Benos et al., 2001, Benos, 2000.12.13, Gatt, 2000.11.14, Hummel et al., 2000)
                FUTSCH
                (Guss et al., 2013, Ryan et al., 2012, Chu-Lagraff et al., 2010)
                Futch
                (Neely et al., 2010)
                Futsch
                (Johnson, 2024, Leahy et al., 2023, Layalle et al., 2021, Rushton et al., 2020, Tang et al., 2020, Kim et al., 2019, Russo and DiAntonio, 2019, Ma et al., 2017, Zhang et al., 2017, Jin et al., 2016, Langston et al., 2016, Stephan et al., 2015, Bulat et al., 2014, Ciglar et al., 2014, Jepson et al., 2014, Mao et al., 2014, Roy and Jackson, 2014, Cvetkovska et al., 2013, Diaper et al., 2013, Duncan et al., 2013, Eisman and Kaufman, 2013, Enneking et al., 2013, Forrest et al., 2013, Hopkins, 2013, Klinedinst et al., 2013, Lu et al., 2013, Weavers and Skaer, 2013, Xiong et al., 2013, Coffee et al., 2012, Gistelinck et al., 2012, Lloyd et al., 2012, Mosca et al., 2012, O'Sullivan et al., 2012, Pradhan et al., 2012, Romano et al., 2012, Ruggiero et al., 2012, Tsai et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2011, Miśkiewicz et al., 2011, Cheng et al., 2010, Du et al., 2010, Ellis et al., 2010, Klein et al., 2010, Lin et al., 2010, Melicharek et al., 2010, Nagai et al., 2010, Schulte et al., 2010, Jin et al., 2009, Lim and Kraut, 2009, Lin et al., 2009, Massaro et al., 2009, Palgi et al., 2009, Siebert et al., 2009, Simon et al., 2009, Viquez et al., 2009, Albornoz et al., 2008, Bachmann et al., 2008, Bennett et al., 2008, Lee et al., 2008, Nishimura et al., 2008, Pawson et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Stork et al., 2008, von Hilchen et al., 2008, Wheeler et al., 2008, Besse et al., 2007, Jinushi-Nakao et al., 2007, Kracklauer et al., 2007, Mehnert et al., 2007, Orgogozo et al., 2007, Sharma and Nirenberg, 2007, Wang et al., 2007, Johnson et al., 2006, Strigini et al., 2006, Elliott et al., 2005, Hoehne et al., 2005, Forni et al., 2004, Gao and Bogert, 2003)
                MAP-1b
                (Vonhoff and Keshishian, 2017)
                MAP-IB
                (Merianda et al., 2005)
                MAP1B
                (Cavolo et al., 2016, Stephan et al., 2015, Coffee et al., 2012, Du et al., 2010, Lloyd and Taylor, 2010, Xiong et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2008, Toda et al., 2008, Moine and Mandel, 2001)
                MAb22C10
                (O'Farrell and Kylsten, 2008, Lai and Orgogozo, 2004, zur Lage et al., 2003, Huang et al., 2000, Nassif et al., 1998)
                Mab 22C10
                (Kurant et al., 2001)
                Mab22C10
                (Alone et al., 2005, Awasaki and Kimura, 2001, Mozer, 2001, Rau et al., 2001, Boulton et al., 2000, Matthews and Crews, 1999)
                Mab22c10
                (Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 2000)
                Map-1B
                (Beck et al., 2012)
                Map1B
                (Yalgin et al., 2015, Beck et al., 2012)
                Olk
                (Herranz et al., 2010)
                futsch
                (Gbadamosi et al., 2025, Goodman et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Corthals et al., 2023, Garcia-Vaquero et al., 2023, Godfrey et al., 2023, Muita and Baxter, 2023, Bu et al., 2022, Dzaki et al., 2022, Gregor et al., 2022, Saunders et al., 2022, Kawamura et al., 2021, Liguori et al., 2021, Ordway, 2021.9.20, Uçkun et al., 2021, Kankel et al., 2020, McNeill et al., 2020, Vargas et al., 2020, De Graeve et al., 2019, Hartenstein et al., 2019, Sears et al., 2019, Stratmann et al., 2019, Ueoka et al., 2019, Ariss et al., 2018, Brazill et al., 2018, Migh et al., 2018, Yan et al., 2018, Bienkowski et al., 2017, Dinges et al., 2017, Herzmann et al., 2017, Jenkins et al., 2017, Vita and Broadie, 2017, Vonhoff and Keshishian, 2017, Burnouf et al., 2016, Cavolo et al., 2016, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Lycette et al., 2016, Romano et al., 2016, Ball et al., 2015, Izutsu et al., 2015, Sugie et al., 2015, Won et al., 2015, Yalgin et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Bolkan and Kretzschmar, 2014, Ciglar et al., 2014, Coyne et al., 2014, McDermott et al., 2014, Mukherjee et al., 2014, Sanhueza et al., 2014, Vernes, 2014, Wong et al., 2014, Iyer et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Nahm et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Yin et al., 2013, Boulanger et al., 2012, Gistelinck et al., 2012, Hazelett et al., 2012, Kallijärvi et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2012, Nechipurenko and Broihier, 2012, Nfonsam et al., 2012, Romano et al., 2012, Ryan et al., 2012, Senthilan et al., 2012, Stewart et al., 2012, Wentzell et al., 2012, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Cachero et al., 2011, Freeman et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Godena et al., 2011, Graf et al., 2011, Koon et al., 2011, Lawlor et al., 2011, Pandey et al., 2011, Sarthi and Elefant, 2011, Tian et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Kissler et al., 2009, Kurshan et al., 2009, Sanyal, 2009, Chang et al., 2008, Koch et al., 2008, Miech et al., 2008, Nishimura et al., 2008, Ostrowski et al., 2008, Pielage et al., 2008, Zou et al., 2008, Bao et al., 2007, Bossing and Brand, 2006, Denman, 2006, Gogel et al., 2006, Ko et al., 2006, Monzo et al., 2006, Schimmelpfeng et al., 2006, Sweeney et al., 2006, Viquez et al., 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006, Ashley et al., 2005, Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005, Davis et al., 2005, Marques, 2005, Wiggin et al., 2005, Franco et al., 2004)
                lincRNA.936
                (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2014, Young et al., 2012)
                mAb 22C10
                (Schulte et al., 2010, Staudt et al., 2006, Ivanov et al., 2004, Escudero et al., 2003, Genova et al., 2000, Hummel et al., 2000, Lee et al., 2000, Llimargas, 2000, Garcia-Alonso, 1999, Greenwood and Struhl, 1999, Sawamoto et al., 1999)
                mAb-22C10
                (Dettman et al., 2001)
                mAb22C10
                (Yasunaga et al., 2006, Kraut and Zinn, 2004, Sen et al., 2004, Jang et al., 2003, Parsons et al., 2003, Sen et al., 2003, Suh et al., 2002, Chang et al., 2001, Harris and Whitington, 2001, Kaminker et al., 2001, Lukacsovich et al., 2001, Takizawa and Hotta, 2001, Cheah et al., 2000, Goulding et al., 2000, Goulding et al., 2000, Jhaveri et al., 2000, Newsome et al., 2000, Senti et al., 2000, Usui-Aoki et al., 2000, Wan et al., 2000, Schock et al., 1999, Baker et al., 1992)
                mAb22c10
                (Acevedo et al., 2007)
                map1b
                (Sohn, 2001)
                olk
                (Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
                ssC10
                (Giesen et al., 2003)
                Name Synonyms
                CG14772
                Futch
                (Laurençon et al., 2007)
                Futsch
                (Rai and Tapadia, 2022, Singh and Tapadia, 2022, Martinez et al., 2021, Bai and Suzuki, 2020, Metwally et al., 2019, Bodaleo and Gonzalez-Billault, 2016, Friedrich et al., 2016, Enjolras et al., 2012, Koles and Budnik, 2012, Kuzina et al., 2011, Mast et al., 2011, Rossetto et al., 2011, Boerner and Duch, 2010, Klein et al., 2010, Lin et al., 2010, Mosca and Schwarz, 2010, Xiong et al., 2010, Adolph et al., 2009, Rand et al., 2009, Simon et al., 2009, Viquez et al., 2009, Bury et al., 2008, Beramendi et al., 2007, Beuchle et al., 2007, Pack-Chung et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2007, Ataman et al., 2006, Medina et al., 2006, Strigini et al., 2006, Kretzschmar et al., 2005, Rogers et al., 2005, Forni et al., 2004, Mellerick and Liu, 2004)
                MAP1B
                (Olesnicky and Wright, 2018)
                MAP1B-like
                (Gaziova et al., 2020)
                futsch
                (Beaver et al., 2020, Drozd et al., 2018, Olesnicky and Wright, 2018, Cachero et al., 2011, Gatto and Broadie, 2008, Martinek et al., 2008, Bao et al., 2007, Gogel et al., 2006, Hummel et al., 2000)
                omb-like
                (Bettencourt da Cruz et al., 2005)
                Secondary FlyBase IDs
                • FBgn0015390
                • FBgn0029577
                • FBgn0085416
                • FBgn0029578
                • FBgn0025392
                • FBgn0243483
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 44 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                References (653)