Human Disease Model Report: diabetic neuropathy

General Information

Name

diabetic neuropathy

FlyBase ID

FBhh0001399

Disease Ontology Term

diabetic neuropathy

Parent Disease

OMIM

Overview

Peripheral diabetic neuropathy is a very common complication of diabetes. Patients can suffer from both stimulus-evoked painful episodes as well as spontaneous pain in the form of burning or tingling; eventually painful symptoms usually subside, to be replaced by complete loss of sensation.

Diabetic neuropathy manifesting as numbness to external stimuli has been investigated in a Drosophila model of diabetes using the fly ubiquitin-protein hydrolase gene Uch (see FBhh0001557). Animals carrying loss-of-function mutations of Uch exhibit delayed response to noxious stimuli and axonal degeneration of sensory neurons of the legs.

As part of the development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, nociceptors can become inappropriately sensitized by various mechanisms in response to local or systemic metabolic conditions or peripheral tissue injury associated with diabetes. Nociceptive pain sensitization has been characterized in multiple Drosophila models of diabetes. Both thermal nociceptive sensitivity and mechanical nociceptive sensitivity assays have been used; response of uninjured and injured animals has been compared. Several studies have investigated the regulation of nociceptive hypersensitivity by the insulin receptor InR.

See also the Human Disease Model report 'nociceptive pain sensitization, injury-induced' (FBhh0001398).

[updated Jan. 2024 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]

Disease Summary Information

Disease Summary: diabetic neuropathy

OMIM report

Human gene(s) implicated

Symptoms and phenotype

Peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is the most frequent complication of diabetes. Patients can suffer from both stimulus-evoked painful episodes, including hyperalgesia (exaggerated pain experience upon presentation of noxious stimuli) and/or allodynia (normally non-noxious stimuli that may evoke pain sensation), as well as spontaneous pain in the form of burning or tingling. These painful pathologies usually occur in parallel with degeneration of peripheral nerves; eventually painful symptoms usually subside, to be replaced by complete loss of sensation (Todorovic, 2017; pubmed:27133151).

(FlyBase Curators, 2013-)

Genetics

Cellular phenotype and pathology

Nociceptors can become inappropriately sensitized by various mechanisms in response to local or systemic metabolic conditions or peripheral tissue injury associated with diabetes (Todorovic, 2017; pubmed:27133151).

(FlyBase Curators, 2013-)

Nociceptors are sensory end organs in the skin, muscle, joints and viscera that selectively respond to noxious or potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. Pain usually starts with the activation of nociceptors, which convey nociceptive (pain) information to the CNS. An important property of nociceptors is that they sensitize (that is, their excitability can be increased). Sensitization, which typically develops as a consequence of tissue insult and inflammation, is defined as a reduction in the threshold and an increase in the magnitude of a response to noxious stimulation. (Gold and Gebhart, 2010; pubmed:20948530).

(FlyBase Curators, 2013-)

Molecular information

External links

Disease synonyms

diabetes-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity

nociceptive pain sensitization, diabetes-induced

painful diabetic neuropathy

PDN

peripheral diabetic neuropathy

Related Diseases

Related human health report(s)

diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, IPC-blocking model

diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (type 2) (fly models overview)

diabetes mellitus type 2, susceptibility to (postulated), UCHL1-related

high-sugar diet, insulin pathway effects

insulin resistance syndromes, INSR-related

nociceptive pain sensitization, injury-induced

Ortholog Information

Human gene(s) in FlyBase

Other mammalian ortholog(s) used

D. melanogaster Gene Information (2)

Dmel\Uch

Gene Snapshot

Contributions welcome

Molecular function (GO)

cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity

Cellular component (GO)

cytoplasm

Gene Groups / Pathways

UCH-DUB

Comments on ortholog(s)

High-scoring ortholog of human UCHL1 and UCHL3 (1 Drosophila to 2 human).

Orthologs and Alignments from DRSC

DIOPT - DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool - Click the link below to search for orthologs in Humans

H. sapiens (Human)

Dmel\InR

Gene Snapshot

Contributions welcome

Molecular function (GO)

Cellular component (GO)

Gene Groups / Pathways

INS-C
RTK

Comments on ortholog(s)

High-scoring ortholog of human genes INSR, IGF1R and INSRR (1 Drosophila to 3 human).

Orthologs and Alignments from DRSC

DIOPT - DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool - Click the link below to search for orthologs in Humans

H. sapiens (Human)

Other Genes Used: Viral, Bacterial, Synthetic (0)

Summary of Physical Interactions (109 groups)

Uch

RNA-protein

Interacting group

Assay

References

Uch - orb2

pull down, western blot

(Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010)

protein-protein

Interacting group

Assay

References

Uch - Acaa

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Akap200

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Aldo

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - AnxB9

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - AnxB10

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Ar1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Ar2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Ar3

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - awd

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Calr

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - capt

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG2852

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG4598

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG5174

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG6180

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG13887

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - CG14715

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Chd64

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - chic

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - cib

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Df31

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Dld

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Eb1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - eEF1δ

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - EndoGI

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Eno

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - fabp

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - fax

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Fim

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Fkbp12

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Fkbp14

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Gdi

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Glo1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - GstE6

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - GstO3

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - GstT1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Gtpx

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - HINT1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Inos

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Mdh2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Moe

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Nacα

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Nlp

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Nph

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Ntan1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - PCNA

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Pdi

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Pgd

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Pgk

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Prosα1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Prx6c

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - regucalcin

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - RhoGDI

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - scf

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - scu

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - sel

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Sh3β

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Sod2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Stip1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Sumo

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - TER94

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Tkt

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Uch - Trx2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

InR

protein-protein

Interacting group

Assay

References

InR

molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, enzymatic study

(Cai et al., 2025, Krishnan et al., 2024)

InR - 14-3-3ζ

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Cdc37

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, proximity ligation assay

(Huang and Wang, 2018)

InR - CG10916

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti tag western blot

(Friedman et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - CG30122

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - cher

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - chico

fluorescent resonance energy transfer, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, two hybrid, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Breitkopf et al., 2016, Vinayagam et al., 2016, Almudi et al., 2013, Friedman et al., 2011, Glatter et al., 2011, Pflieger et al., 2008, Kulansky Poltilove et al., 2000)

InR - CNBP

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - ctp

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016, Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - dock

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation

(Li et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2011, Song et al., 2003)

InR - Droj2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Elp6

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Bolukbasi et al., 2012)

InR - glo

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Gp93

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Hrb98DE

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - Hsp83

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, proximity ligation assay

(Huang and Wang, 2018, Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Ilp1

electron microscopy

(Cai et al., 2025)

InR - Ilp2

electron microscopy

(Cai et al., 2025)

InR - Ilp5

electron microscopy, competition binding

(Cai et al., 2025, Viola et al., 2023, Sajid et al., 2011)

InR - Ilp8

pull down, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Garelli et al., 2015)

InR - Lar

surface plasmon resonance, enzymatic study, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Kaur et al., 2019, Madan et al., 2011)

InR - Lnk

fluorescent resonance energy transfer

(Almudi et al., 2013)

InR - M7BP

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Pi3K21B

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, peptide massfingerprinting

(Vinayagam et al., 2016, Friedman et al., 2011, Glatter et al., 2011)

InR - Pi3K92E

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016, Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - Ptp61F

pull down, western blot

(Wu et al., 2011)

InR - Ptp99A

surface plasmon resonance, enzymatic study

(Madan et al., 2011)

InR - RpL6

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - RpL10

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - RpL15

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, peptide massfingerprinting

(Vinayagam et al., 2016, Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - RpL30

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - RpL36

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - RpLP1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - RpS7

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - RpS13

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - RpS23

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - RpS28b

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - SF2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Vinayagam et al., 2016)

InR - sta

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

InR - STUB1

enzymatic study, western blot

(Tawo et al., 2017)

InR - UQCR-C2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Friedman et al., 2011)

RNA-protein

Interacting group

Assay

References

InR - DENR

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr

(Schleich et al., 2014)

InR - Imp

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr

(Sreejith et al., 2022)

InR - lin-28

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, primer specific pcr, quantitative reverse transcription pcr

(Sreejith et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2015)

RNA-RNA

Interacting group

Assay

References

InR - mir-276a

luminiscence technology

(Lee et al., 2023)

Alleles Reported to Model Human Disease (Disease Ontology) (28 alleles)

Uch

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Uch^GD11265

model of Parkinson's disease

CEA

(Tran et al., 2018)

model of late onset Parkinson's disease

CEC

(Thi Thu Trinh et al., 2025)

Uch^KK101723

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Lee et al., 2024)

Uch^KO

model of Parkinson's disease

CEA with Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

CEA with park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Lee et al., 2024)

Uch^C93S

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Lee et al., 2024)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 6 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Uch^GD11265

ameliorates metal metabolism disorder

modeled by ATP7^UAS.Tag:FLAG

(Zlatic et al., 2018)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

Uch^KK101723

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

Uch^KO

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

is ameliorated by Akt^{ΔPH.UAS.Tag:Myr(Unk)}

(Lee et al., 2024)

is ameliorated by Drice^NIG.7788R

(Lee et al., 2024)

is ameliorated by Ilp2^UAS.cBa

(Lee et al., 2024)

is ameliorated by Pi3K92E^CAAX.UAS

(Lee et al., 2024)

is ameliorated by chico^UAS.cNa

(Lee et al., 2024)

Uch^E8A

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

Uch^V96M

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

Uch^C93S

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^B9

(Ham et al., 2021)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 2

modeled by park¹

(Ham et al., 2021)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

is ameliorated by Ilp2^UAS.cBa

(Lee et al., 2024)

InR

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 13 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵

model of diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Banzai and Nishimura, 2023)

CEC with InR^Y902C

(Banzai and Nishimura, 2023)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA with InR^3T5

(Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

InR^93Dj-4

model of diabetic neuropathy

CEA with InR^E19

(Wang et al., 2023)

InR^A1325D.UAS

model of glucose metabolism disease

CEA

(Musselman et al., 2018)

model of carcinoma

CEA with Csk^Q156Stop, Ras85D^V12.UAS

(Hirabayashi and Cagan, 2015)

InR^E19

model of diabetic neuropathy

CEA with InR^93Dj-4

(Wang et al., 2023)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA with InR^3T5

(Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

model of glucose metabolism disease

CEA with InR^3T5

(Álvarez-Rendón and Riesgo-Escovar, 2023, Álvarez-Rendón and Riesgo-Escovar, 2020)

InR^K1409A.UAS

model of sleep disorder

CEA

(Metaxakis et al., 2014)

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Cao et al., 2022)

InR^UAS.Exel

model of cancer

CEA

(Khaket et al., 2024)

InR^GD104

model of glucose metabolism disease

CEA

(Musselman et al., 2018)

InR^JF01482

model of diabetic neuropathy

CEA

(Wang et al., 2023)

InR^3T5

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA with InR^E19

(Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

CEA with InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵

(Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

model of glucose metabolism disease

CEA with InR^E19

(Álvarez-Rendón and Riesgo-Escovar, 2023, Álvarez-Rendón and Riesgo-Escovar, 2020)

InR^UAS.cUa

model of cervical cancer

CEA with HPV18\E6^UAS.Tag:MYC, Hsap\UBE3A^UAS.cRa

(Padash Barmchi et al., 2016)

model of high grade glioma

CEA

(Witte et al., 2009)

InR^CA.UAS.cUa

model of alcohol dependence

CEA

(Acevedo et al., 2015)

InR^{lexAop.HMS03166}

model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Tsao et al., 2023)

InR^Y902C

model of diabetes mellitus

CEA

(Banzai and Nishimura, 2023)

CEC with InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵

(Banzai and Nishimura, 2023)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 16 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵

ameliorates fragile X syndrome

modeled by Fmr1³

(Monyak et al., 2017)

InR³³⁹

ameliorates germ cell cancer

modeled by bam^Δ86

(Zhao et al., 2018)

InR^A1325D.UAS

exacerbates central nervous system cancer

modeled by N^ΔE.UAS

(Voutyraki et al., 2023)

ameliorates C9orf72 frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

modeled by Zzzz\poly-GR^PO-100.UAS

(Atilano et al., 2021)

modeled by Zzzz\poly-GA^400.UAS

(Morón-Oset et al., 2023)

exacerbates cancer

modeled by Csk^Q156Stop, Ras85D^V12.UAS

(Hirabayashi et al., 2013)

exacerbates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.cWa

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

ameliorates cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.QUAS.cLa, scrib^{QUAS.HMS01490}

(Bakopoulos et al., 2023)

InR^E19

exacerbates viral infectious disease

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates infectious mononucleosis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

InR^K1409A.UAS

ameliorates central nervous system cancer

modeled by N^ΔE.UAS

(Voutyraki et al., 2023)

ameliorates cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.GMR

(Okada et al., 2023)

modeled by scrib¹

(Sanaki et al., 2020)

ameliorates colorectal cancer

modeled by SH3PX1^JF02730

(Zhang et al., 2019)

exacerbates C9orf72 frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

modeled by Zzzz\poly-GR^PO-100.UAS

(Atilano et al., 2021)

modeled by Zzzz\GGGGCC^36.UAS

(Atilano et al., 2021)

ameliorates Huntington's disease

modeled by Hsap\HTT^{N548.Q128.UAS}

(Martin et al., 2021)

ameliorates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.cWa

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2025, Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

InR^K414P.UAS

ameliorates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.cWa

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2025, Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

InR^UAS.Exel

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{tr.Q78.UAS.Tag:HA}

(Tandon and Sarkar, 2021, Raj and Sarkar, 2019)

ameliorates Huntington's disease

modeled by Hsap\HTT^Q93.ex1.UAS

(Raj and Sarkar, 2019)

modeled by Hsap\HTT^{Q138.UAS.mRFP1}

(Tandon and Sarkar, 2021, Raj and Sarkar, 2019)

ameliorates syndrome

modeled by NSD^EY01950

(Quintero-Rivera et al., 2021)

exacerbates cancer

modeled by scrib¹

(Sanaki et al., 2020)

model of cancer

is ameliorated by SARS-CoV-2\nsp1^UAS.cZa

(Khaket et al., 2024)

InR^del.UAS

ameliorates fragile X syndrome

modeled by Fmr1^Δ50M

(Vita et al., 2021)

InR^JF01183

ameliorates cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.GMR

(Okada et al., 2023)

InR^JF01482

ameliorates cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.GMR

(Okada et al., 2023)

exacerbates Parkinson's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\SNCA^H50Q.UAS

(Rai and Kumar, 2025)

InR^GL00139

ameliorates cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.GMR

(Okada et al., 2023)

InR^NIG.18402R

exacerbates Alzheimer's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\APP^{Aβ42.E693G.UAS.VTR}

(Sharma et al., 2025)

InR^UAS.cUa

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\SNCA^H50Q.UAS

(Rai and Kumar, 2025)

ameliorates Alzheimer's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\APP^{Aβ42.E693G.UAS.VTR}

(Sharma et al., 2025)

InR^UAS.ECFP

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{tr.Q78.UAS.Tag:HA}

(Raj and Sarkar, 2019)

InR^HMS03166

ameliorates lung adenocarcinoma

modeled by Hsap\KIF5B::Hsap\RET^UAS.cDa

(Das and Cagan, 2017)

ameliorates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.cWa

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2025, Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^V337M.UAS

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^R406W.UAS

(Pragati and Sarkar, 2024)

InR^RNAi.UAS.cUa

exacerbates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{tr.Q78.UAS.Tag:HA}

(Raj and Sarkar, 2019)

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Genetic Tools, Stocks and Reagents

Sources of Stocks

Contact lab of origin for a reagent not available from a public stock center.

Bloomington Stock Center Disease Page

Related mammalian, viral, bacterial, or synthetic transgenes

Allele

Transgene

Publicly Available Stocks

Selected Drosophila transgenes

Allele

Transgene

Publicly Available Stocks

InR^del.UAS

P{UAS-InR.del}

y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; P{UAS-InR.del}2

InR^UAS.Exel

P{UAS-InR.Exel}

y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; P{UAS-InR.Exel}2

InR^K414P.UAS

P{UAS-InR.K414P}

y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; P{UAS-InR.K414P}2

InR^K1409A.UAS

P{UAS-InR.K1409A}

P{UAS-InR.K1409A}1, y¹ w¹¹¹⁸

InR^A1325D.UAS

P{UAS-InR.A1325D}

y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; P{UAS-InR.A1325D}2

RNAi constructs available

Allele

Transgene

Publicly Available Stocks

Uch^HMC06627

P{TRiP.HMC06627}

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMC06627}attP40

Uch^GD11265

P{GD11265}

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD11265}v26468

InR^{lexAop.HMS03166}

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD104}v991/TM3

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF01183}attP2

InR^JF01482

P{TRiP.JF01482}

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF01482}attP2

InR^GL00139

P{TRiP.GL00139}

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.GL00139}attP2

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMS03166}attP40/CyO

Selected Drosophila classical alleles

Allele

Allele class

Mutagen

Publicly Available Stocks

Uch^KO

amorphic allele - molecular evidence

CRISPR/Cas9

Uch^E8A

CRISPR/Cas9

Uch^V96M

CRISPR/Cas9

Uch^C93S

CRISPR/Cas9

InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵

P-element activity

ry⁵⁰⁶ P{PZ}InR⁰⁵⁵⁴⁵/TM3, ry^RK Sb¹ Ser¹

InR^null(HR)

loss of function allele

ends-out gene targeting

InR^Y902C

spontaneous

InR^93Dj-4

gamma ray

In(3R)GC25, InR^93Dj-4/TM3, Sb¹

InR^E19

ethyl methanesulfonate

InR^E19/TM2

InR³³⁹

w^*; P{neoFRT}82B InR³³⁹/TM3, Sb¹ Ser¹

InR^3T5

References (10)

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