FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\LamC
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\LamC
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Lamin C
Annotation Symbol
CG10119
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010397
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Lamin C (LamC) encodes a type V intermediate filament that is essential for development. It contributes to the shape and structural integrity of the nucleus and plays roles in genome integrity and gene regulation, through contacts made with chromatin. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

pG-IF

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-72
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:14570810..14575771
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
involved_in nuclear migration
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in lamin filament
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
located_in nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in nuclear lamina
inferred from direct assay
located_in nuclear lamina
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in spindle envelope
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in lamin filament
non-traceable author statement
is_active_in nuclear lamina
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001145669
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the intermediate filament family. (Q03427)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Lamin C (LamC) encodes a type V intermediate filament that is essential for development. It contributes to the shape and structural integrity of the nucleus and plays roles in genome integrity and gene regulation, through contacts made with chromatin. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
LAMINS -
Lamins are type V intermediate filament that form the major component of the nuclear lamina (FBrf0200518).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane, which is thought to provide a framework for the nuclear envelope and may also interact with chromatin (By similarity). Involved in the organization and spacing of nuclear pore complexes on the nucleus surface; complements Lam (PubMed:15996653). In spermatocytes, regulates cytokinesis during meiosis (PubMed:27402967).
(UniProt, Q03427)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

developmentally regulated nuclear intermediate filament - lines the inner nuclear membrane - provides structural support for the nucleus and regulates gene expression - functions in nuclear mechanotransduction, a process through which mechanical forces are converted to biochemical signaling or gene expression, a model for diseases known as laminopathies, required for thorax closure, sustains PcG protein architecture, maintaining transcriptional repression at target genes

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\LamC for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q03427)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Multiphase exon postulated: exon reading frame differs in alternative transcripts; overlap >20aa.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0087512
2367
621
FBtr0333166
2450
640
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.5 (northern blot)

2.3 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0086641
69.9
621
6.82
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

621 (aa); 69.855 (kD predicted)

Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with MAN1. Associates with chromatin; when not phosphorylated on Ser-27 (PubMed:22393432).

(UniProt, Q03427)
Post Translational Modification

May be phosphorylated on Tyr-391.

(UniProt, Q03427)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\LamC using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.13

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
oenocyte

Comment: late embryonic stage 12

Comment: reference states >=12 hr AEL

Additional Descriptive Data

In Northern blots, LamC transcript is detected starting in 12 hr embryos, and peaks in 19-22 hr embryos. Expression declines after larval stages, and is low in pupal and larval stages. Using in situ hybridization, LamC is first detected in late stage 12 embryos, in oenocytes. At stage 13, expression is detected in oenocytes, the hindgut, the foregut, and in the dorsal longitudinal trunks.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
posterior spiracle primordium

Comment: late embryonic stage 12

oenocyte

Comment: late embryonic stage 12

Comment: reference states >=12-15 hr AEL

Additional Descriptive Data

LamC protein is nuclear and is detected mainly in the nuclear periphery. There is some, but not complete, overlap in subcellular Lam and LamC protein expression.

LamC protein is first detected in 12-15 hr embryos, reaches peak levels in larval stages, and is at low levels in pupal and adult stages. In embryos, LamC protein is first detected in late stage 12, in oenocytes, in the posterior spiracle, and in the hindgut. At stage 15, expression is detected in the foregut, the epidermis, and the dorsal longitudinal trunks. At stage 16, LamC protein is detected in the dorsal pharyngeal musculature, in exit glia, and in the visceral mesoderm. In larvae, LamC protein is detected in all nuclei, but at varying levels.

Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in lamin filament
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
located_in nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in nuclear lamina
inferred from direct assay
located_in nuclear lamina
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in spindle envelope
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\LamC in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 22 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 56 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of LamC
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of LamC
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
larval salivary gland & embryo & nucleus | conditional ts
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (70)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
12 of 14
No
Yes
7  
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1  
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
9  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
2  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
3  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (35)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (39)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (29)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
9 of 13
No
Yes
8 of 13
No
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
6 of 13
No
Yes
5 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (29)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (13)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
11 of 12
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:LamC. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
13 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 20 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 13 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Interacts with MAN1. Associates with chromatin; when not phosphorylated on Ser-27 (PubMed:22393432).
(UniProt, Q03427 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2R
Recombination map
2-72
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
51B1-51B1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k16805k16805 and P{lacW}ttvk03617&P{EP}ttvEP765
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
51A-51A
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (17)
Genomic Clones (25)
cDNA Clones (75)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      Overexpression of LamC during most larval stages stalls growth, inhibits ecdysteroid signaling, causes melanotic tumours and results in lethality.

      Biochemical techniques reveal that in living cells lamins are closely associated with both DNA and RNA.

      Clone pG-IF (isolated in FBrf0058818) encodes a nuclear lamin whose expression is developmentally controlled.

      LamC gene locus organisation has been determined and its structure compared to the vertebrate lamin genes.

      G-IF encodes a 46kD intermediate filament protein with around 60% nucleotide identity to Lam.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      G-IF
      LamC
      (Karling and Weavers, 2025, Mohar et al., 2025, Zhang et al., 2025, Aziz et al., 2024, Fleck et al., 2024, Miao et al., 2024, Finger et al., 2023, Floc'hlay et al., 2023, Penfield and Montell, 2023, Belyaeva et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2022, Ilyin et al., 2022, Shaw et al., 2022, Boumard and Bardin, 2021, Hinz et al., 2021, Ishibashi et al., 2021, Reilein et al., 2021, Mehta et al., 2020, Rust et al., 2020, Bouska et al., 2019, Camara et al., 2019, Chandran et al., 2019, Flint Brodsly et al., 2019, Mathiyalagan et al., 2019, Sênos Demarco and Jones, 2019, Story et al., 2019, Bhide et al., 2018, Donohoe et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Lee et al., 2018, Levis, 2018.8.30, Masuko et al., 2018, Rzepecki and Gruenbaum, 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Yamaguchi and Takashima, 2018, Bussmann and Storkebaum, 2017, Parchure et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Uchino et al., 2017, Tran et al., 2016, Cesarini et al., 2015, Oliva et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Pathak et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2013, Jokhi et al., 2013, Luo et al., 2013, Uchino et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Ji and Tulin, 2012, Kim et al., 2012, Rojas-Ríos et al., 2012, König et al., 2011, Singer and Gall, 2011, Gurudatta et al., 2010, Kallappagoudar et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Guo and Wang, 2009, Maybeck and Röper, 2009, Dansereau and Lasko, 2008, Katsani et al., 2008, López-Onieva et al., 2008, Buszczak et al., 2007, Kaltenbach et al., 2007, Shcherbata et al., 2007)
      Name Synonyms
      G intermediate filament
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0010037
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 48 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
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