FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\aub
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\aub
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
aubergine
Annotation Symbol
CG6137
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000146
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
14 publicly available
Gene Summary
Component of the perinuclear meiotic nuage, a germline-specific subcellular membraneless ribonucleoprotein compartment involved in production of transposable element-repressing Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-induced silencing complexes (piRISCs), which are essential for maintaining germline integrity during oogenesis; essential for the formation and/or structural integrity of nuage particles (PubMed:12538514, PubMed:15090597, PubMed:17428915, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:26212455, PubMed:26295961). Acts via the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (PubMed:17346786, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20980675, PubMed:34210982). Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements (PubMed:17872506, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20980675, PubMed:26212455, PubMed:26295961). Shows RNA cleavage or slicer activity; including aub-piRNA complexes from ovary and testis (PubMed:17322028, PubMed:17872506, PubMed:34210982). When loaded with guide piRNAs recognizes and cleaves complementary RNAs to repress their expression and produce complementary piRNAs (PubMed:17346786, PubMed:34210982). Together with Piwi protein AGO3 recruited to subregions of the perinuclear nuage by krimp, which coordinates their activity in the ping-pong amplification step of secondary piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Krimp recruits piRNA bound aub and unbound AGO3, bringing them into close proximity to facilitate the loading onto AGO3 of freshly cut piRNAs generated by aub cleavage of target sequences; krimp recognizes the piRNA loading state of the Piwi proteins via symmetrically dimethylated arginine modification in their N-terminus (PubMed:34210982). Important for asymmetric ping-pong amplification to bias production towards antisense piRNAs capable of silencing transposable elements (PubMed:26212455). Required for the localization of mael and krimp to the meiotic nuage (PubMed:12538514, PubMed:17428915). In ovary, associates predominantly with antisense piRNAs that contain uridine at their 5' end (PubMed:26212455). In testis, associates with Su(Ste) antisense piRNAs (most abundant class of piRNAs found in complex with aub in testes) and negatively regulates Ste expression, most likely by cleaving its transcripts (PubMed:17872506). Also in testis, may repress translation of vas when associated with a piRNA derived from chromosome X, termed AT-chX-1, whose sequence shows strong complementarity to vas mRNA (PubMed:17872506). Involved in repression of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) including HeT-A, I-element and TART LINEs (PubMed:17428915). Repression of specialized telomeric retroelements HeT-A and TART is involved in telomere regulation; Drosophila telomeres being maintained by transposition of specialized telomeric retroelements (PubMed:16452506). Also involved in telomeric trans-silencing, a repression mechanism by which a transposon or a transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin has the capacity to repress in trans, in the female germline, a homologous transposon, or transgene located in euchromatin (PubMed:14752161, PubMed:15372228). Involved in the suppression of meiotic drive of sex chromosomes and autosomes (PubMed:23267055, PubMed:9927466). Involved in transposon silencing in the adult brain (PubMed:23559253). Required for dorsal-ventral as well as anterior-posterior patterning of the egg (PubMed:11526087). Required during oogenesis for primordial germ cell formation and activation of RNA interference (PubMed:12154120). During early oogenesis, required for osk mRNA silencing and polarization of the microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:1783295, PubMed:8625849). During mid-oogenesis, required for osk mRNA localization to the posterior pole and efficient translation of osk and grk (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:1783295, PubMed:8625849). During embryogenesis, required for posterior localization of nanos (nos) mRNA, independently of osk, and pole cell formation (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:20937269). Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3 and specific piRNAs that targets nanos mRNA (and probably other maternal mRNAS) for deadenylation promoting its decay during early embryogenesis (PubMed:20953170). (UniProt, O76922)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

sting, stellate-interacting gene

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
32C1-32C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-44
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:10997819..11001476
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (37 terms)
Molecular Function (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables piRNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2021, Barckmann et al., 2015, Webster et al., 2015, Nagao et al., 2010, Nishida et al., 2009, Brennecke et al., 2007, Saito et al., 2007)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Huang et al., 2021)
enables RNA endonuclease activity producing 5'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism
inferred from direct assay
(Gunawardane et al., 2007)
enables RNA endonuclease activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Barckmann et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables mRNA binding
inferred from experiment
(Ma et al., 2017)
enables nucleic acid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003165, InterPro:IPR036397
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables piRNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN007716312
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables RNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003100
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables RNA endonuclease activity producing 5'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism
non-traceable author statement
(Chen et al., 2025)
enables RNA endonuclease activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008584027
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:A8D8P8
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (28 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (20 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
involved_in dorsal appendage formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Klattenhoff et al., 2007)
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1991)
involved_in global gene silencing by mRNA cleavage
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kennerdell et al., 2002)
involved_in heterochromatin formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grimaud et al., 2006, Pal-Bhadra et al., 2004)
involved_in maternal mRNA clearance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Barckmann et al., 2015)
involved_in mitotic chromosome condensation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pek and Kai, 2011)
involved_in oocyte maturation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kennerdell et al., 2002)
involved_in oogenesis
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1991)
involved_in piRNA processing
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iki et al., 2023)
involved_in piRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iki et al., 2023, Rouget et al., 2010)
inferred from direct assay
(Barckmann et al., 2015)
involved_in pole cell formation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:tud; FB:FBgn0003891
(Thomson et al., 2008)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:vas; FB:FBgn0283442
(Thomson et al., 2008)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:osk; FB:FBgn0003015
(Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
involved_in pole plasm assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Vrettos et al., 2021)
involved_in pole plasm protein localization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Klattenhoff et al., 2007)
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
involved_in regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cook et al., 2004)
involved_in regulatory ncRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tomari et al., 2004)
involved_in secondary piRNA processing
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Huang et al., 2021, Vrettos et al., 2021, Bozzetti et al., 2015)
involved_in segmentation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:nanos; FB:FBgn0002962
(Becalska et al., 2011)
involved_in transposable element silencing by piRNA-mediated mRNA destabilization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Lim et al., 2009)
involved_in transposable element silencing
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Simmons et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in maintenance of pole plasm mRNA location
traceable author statement
(Johnstone and Lasko, 2001)
involved_in oocyte karyosome formation
traceable author statement
(Johnstone and Lasko, 2001)
involved_in oogenesis
traceable author statement
(van Eeden and St. Johnston, 1999)
involved_in piRNA processing
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002339693
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in piRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization
non-traceable author statement
(Chen et al., 2025)
involved_in positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
inferred from experiment
(Ma et al., 2017)
involved_in positive regulation of oskar mRNA translation
non-traceable author statement
(Leatherman and Jongens, 2003)
involved_in regulation of oskar mRNA translation
traceable author statement
(Johnstone and Lasko, 2001, van Eeden and St. Johnston, 1999)
involved_in regulatory ncRNA-mediated gene silencing
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001875625
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in spermatogenesis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002339693
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in transposable element silencing by mRNA destabilization
inferred by curator from GO:0140965
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Kistler et al., 2018, Webster et al., 2015, Olivieri et al., 2012, Brennecke et al., 2007, Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
is_active_in P granule
inferred from direct assay
(Lim et al., 2022, Vrettos et al., 2021, Munafò et al., 2019, Huang et al., 2014, Klattenhoff et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2009, Nishida et al., 2009, Brennecke et al., 2007)
located_in P granule
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2021, Ge et al., 2019, Bozzetti et al., 2015, Webster et al., 2015, Patil and Kai, 2010, Thomson et al., 2008, Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
inferred from direct assay
(Nagao et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001875625
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in P granule
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN007716312
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the argonaute family. Piwi subfamily. (O76922)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ARGONAUTE ENDORIBONUCLEASES -
Argonaute (AGO) proteins play an important role in small-RNA-mediated (miRNA, siRNA and piRNA) gene-silencing events and form the core constituent of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The PIWI domain of AGO proteins resembles RNase-H and accounts for their endonuclease activity that cleaves target mRNA complementary to the bound small RNA. (Adapted from PMID: 29447113).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the perinuclear meiotic nuage, a germline-specific subcellular membraneless ribonucleoprotein compartment involved in production of transposable element-repressing Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-induced silencing complexes (piRISCs), which are essential for maintaining germline integrity during oogenesis; essential for the formation and/or structural integrity of nuage particles (PubMed:12538514, PubMed:15090597, PubMed:17428915, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:26212455, PubMed:26295961). Acts via the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (PubMed:17346786, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20980675, PubMed:34210982). Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements (PubMed:17872506, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20980675, PubMed:26212455, PubMed:26295961). Shows RNA cleavage or slicer activity; including aub-piRNA complexes from ovary and testis (PubMed:17322028, PubMed:17872506, PubMed:34210982). When loaded with guide piRNAs recognizes and cleaves complementary RNAs to repress their expression and produce complementary piRNAs (PubMed:17346786, PubMed:34210982). Together with Piwi protein AGO3 recruited to subregions of the perinuclear nuage by krimp, which coordinates their activity in the ping-pong amplification step of secondary piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Krimp recruits piRNA bound aub and unbound AGO3, bringing them into close proximity to facilitate the loading onto AGO3 of freshly cut piRNAs generated by aub cleavage of target sequences; krimp recognizes the piRNA loading state of the Piwi proteins via symmetrically dimethylated arginine modification in their N-terminus (PubMed:34210982). Important for asymmetric ping-pong amplification to bias production towards antisense piRNAs capable of silencing transposable elements (PubMed:26212455). Required for the localization of mael and krimp to the meiotic nuage (PubMed:12538514, PubMed:17428915). In ovary, associates predominantly with antisense piRNAs that contain uridine at their 5' end (PubMed:26212455). In testis, associates with Su(Ste) antisense piRNAs (most abundant class of piRNAs found in complex with aub in testes) and negatively regulates Ste expression, most likely by cleaving its transcripts (PubMed:17872506). Also in testis, may repress translation of vas when associated with a piRNA derived from chromosome X, termed AT-chX-1, whose sequence shows strong complementarity to vas mRNA (PubMed:17872506). Involved in repression of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) including HeT-A, I-element and TART LINEs (PubMed:17428915). Repression of specialized telomeric retroelements HeT-A and TART is involved in telomere regulation; Drosophila telomeres being maintained by transposition of specialized telomeric retroelements (PubMed:16452506). Also involved in telomeric trans-silencing, a repression mechanism by which a transposon or a transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin has the capacity to repress in trans, in the female germline, a homologous transposon, or transgene located in euchromatin (PubMed:14752161, PubMed:15372228). Involved in the suppression of meiotic drive of sex chromosomes and autosomes (PubMed:23267055, PubMed:9927466). Involved in transposon silencing in the adult brain (PubMed:23559253). Required for dorsal-ventral as well as anterior-posterior patterning of the egg (PubMed:11526087). Required during oogenesis for primordial germ cell formation and activation of RNA interference (PubMed:12154120). During early oogenesis, required for osk mRNA silencing and polarization of the microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:1783295, PubMed:8625849). During mid-oogenesis, required for osk mRNA localization to the posterior pole and efficient translation of osk and grk (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:1783295, PubMed:8625849). During embryogenesis, required for posterior localization of nanos (nos) mRNA, independently of osk, and pole cell formation (PubMed:15035984, PubMed:20937269). Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3 and specific piRNAs that targets nanos mRNA (and probably other maternal mRNAS) for deadenylation promoting its decay during early embryogenesis (PubMed:20953170).
(UniProt, O76922)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
aub: aubergine (T. Schupbach)
Female sterile; homozygous females lay eggs which are of variable shapes; in the most extreme cases, the eggs are longer than the normal, more pointed at the posterior end, and lack dorsal appendages, resembling eggs produced by the dominant female-sterile mutation Fs(2)G.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

related to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C - involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing - a general regulator of maternal mRNAs - along with piRNAs plays a key developmental role in the embryo through decay and localization of mRNAs encoding germ cell determinants.

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\aub for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry O76922)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
aub-RA
FBtr0080165
NM_057386
2825
866
aub-RC
FBtr0112793
NM_001103674
2808
795
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.0 (northern blot)

(Schmidt et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
aub-PA
FBpp0079754
98.6
866
9.65
O76922
NP_476734
AAF53046
aub-PC
FBpp0111705
91.5
795
9.53
NP_001097144
ABV53667
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

866 (aa); 99 (kD predicted)

(Schmidt et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the ping-pong piRNA processing (4P) complex consisting of krimp, aub and AGO3 (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Interacts (via N-terminus when symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues) with krimp (via tudor domain); this interaction requires methylation of at least one N-terminal arginie residue (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Interacts with vas and AGO3 (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19959991). May form part of a piRNA processing complex consisting of tud, aub and AGO3 (PubMed:19959991). Interacts (when symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues) with tud; methylation and/or interaction requires association with piRNA (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19926723, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20713507, PubMed:34210982). Interacts (via N-terminus and when associated with piRNA) with csul/PRMT5; the interaction recruits the PRMT5 methylosome complex to modify N-terminal arginines by symmetrical dimethylation but involves residues other than the arginines to be modified (PubMed:34210982). Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3, nanos mRNA and piRNAs that targets the nanos 3'-untranslated region, in early embryos (PubMed:20953170). Interacts with nanos mRNA and rump (in an RNA-dependent manner) (PubMed:20937269). Interacts with papi and vret (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:21831924). Interacts with me31B (PubMed:28945271).

(UniProt, O76922)
Post Translational Modification

Symmetrical dimethylation of arginines (sDMA) on Arg-11, Arg-13 and/or Arg-15 by csul/PRMT5/DART5, is required for binding to tud, localization to the pole plasm and association with the correct piRNAs (PubMed:19377467, PubMed:19926723, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20713507, PubMed:26212455, PubMed:34210982). SDMA on Arg-11, Arg-13, Arg-15 and/or Arg-17 is required for binding to krimp and stable recruitment to subregions of the nuage (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Methylation state does not affect protein stability (PubMed:34210982). SDMA plays an important role in ping-pong amplification of piRNAs and is essential for function in vivo (PubMed:34210982). Methylation state functions as an indicator of its piRNA binding state (PubMed:34210982). PiRNA binding promotes sDMA modification; piRNA binding induces a conformational change that exposes the N-terminal arginines, making them available to the methylosome complex (PubMed:34210982).

(UniProt, O76922)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\aub using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.14

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
oogenesis
oocyte
(Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
germarium
(Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
oogenesis stage S6 -- S14
nurse cell
(Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage | female
ovary
(Schmidt et al., 1999)
adult stage | male
testis
(Schmidt et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data

osk transcripts are detected at high levels in the germarium, at low levels during mid-oogenesis, and then at high levels in nurse cells and the ooctye from about stage S6 of oogenesis.

(Harris and Macdonald, 2001)

aub transcripts are detected in testis and ovary RNA on northerns and appear to accumulate exclusively in the gonads.

(Schmidt et al., 1999)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage | male
spermatocyte
(Kotelnikov et al., 2009)
male germline stem cell
(Nagao et al., 2010, Nishida et al., 2007)
spermatogonium
(Nagao et al., 2010)
primary spermatocyte
(Nagao et al., 2010)
primary gonial cell
(Nagao et al., 2010, Nishida et al., 2007)
adult stage | female
female germline stem cell
(Nishida et al., 2007)
oogenesis & adult stage | female
female germline cell of germarium
(Minakhina et al., 2014)
oocyte
(Nishida et al., 2007)
nurse cell
(Nishida et al., 2007)
adult stage | female & oogenesis
female germline cyst
(Nishida et al., 2007)
female germline cell
(Nagao et al., 2011)
female germline stem cell
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
adult stage | femaleoogenesis stage S3 -- S6
nurse cell
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
adult stage | female & oogenesis stage S6
oocyte
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
adult stage | male & spermatogenesis
spermatogonium
(Nishida et al., 2007)
male germline cell
(Bozzetti et al., 2015, Nagao et al., 2011)
male germline cell
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
male germline stem cell
(Bozzetti et al., 2015)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

aub protein is present in the cytoplasm of germline stem cells, gonialblasts, spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes.

(Nagao et al., 2010)

aub protein has a perinuclear distribution is spermatocytes.

(Kotelnikov et al., 2009)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Kistler et al., 2018, Webster et al., 2015, Olivieri et al., 2012, Brennecke et al., 2007, Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
is_active_in P granule
inferred from direct assay
(Lim et al., 2022, Vrettos et al., 2021, Munafò et al., 2019, Huang et al., 2014, Klattenhoff et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2009, Nishida et al., 2009, Brennecke et al., 2007)
located_in P granule
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2021, Ge et al., 2019, Bozzetti et al., 2015, Webster et al., 2015, Patil and Kai, 2010, Thomson et al., 2008, Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
inferred from direct assay
(Nagao et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\aub in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 31 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 38 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of aub
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of aub
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)aubsting-3a
(Schmidt et al., 1999)
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal | maternal effect | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect (with aubHN2)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect (with aubQC42)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect | recessive
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female semi-fertile (with aubHN2)
female semi-fertile (with aubQC42)
female sterile
female sterile, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
female sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR
female sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
female sterile | recessive
male sterile (with aubsting-1)
male sterile (with aubsting-3a)
male sterile | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell number | oogenesis, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PU
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | female (with aubHN2)
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | female (with aubN11)
abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive | third instar larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
abnormal size | recessive | third instar larval stage
abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
decreased cell number | progressive | spermatogenesis (with aubHN2)
decreased cell number | progressive | spermatogenesis (with aubQC42)
non-suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}8-M76
non-suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-66
non-suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{w+(-1360)}1250
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
suppressor of variegation
suppressor of variegation, with P{T1(-FRT)}T190-177
suppressor of variegation, with P{T1}T190-177
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{w+(FRT.attP.1360)}1250
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
cystoblast (with aubHN2)
cystoblast (with aubN11)
dorsal appendage (with aubHN2)
dorsal appendage (with aubKO12)
dorsal appendage (with aubKO52)
dorsal appendage (with aubQC42)
dorsal appendage | maternal effect (with aubHN2)
dorsal appendage | maternal effect (with aubQC42)
egg chorion (with aubHN2)
egg chorion (with aubQC42)
embryo | maternal effect | posterior
embryonic/larval cuticle | embryonic stage (with aubN11)
embryonic/larval cuticle | embryonic stage (with aubQC42)
embryonic/larval cuticle | embryonic stage | maternal effect (with aubHN2)
embryonic/larval cuticle | embryonic stage | maternal effect (with aubN11)
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage
female germ cell nucleus (with aubKO12)
female germ cell nucleus (with aubKO52)
female germline stem cell (with aubHN2)
female germline stem cell (with aubN11)
germarium, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PU
karyosome
male germline stem cell | decreased number (with aubHN2)
male germline stem cell | decreased number (with aubQC42)
neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
spermatid
spermatid (with aubsting-1)
spermatid (with aubsting-3a)
spermatocyte
spermatocyte (with aubsting-1)
spermatocyte (with aubsting-3a)
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PU
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis, with Scer\GAL4path-c135
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis (with aubHN2)
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis (with aubQC42)
spermatocyte | spermatogenesis (with aubsting-1)
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (8)
Hsap\PIWIL1
12 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\PIWIL3
11 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PIWIL4
9 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PIWIL2
8 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AGO1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AGO2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AGO3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\AGO4
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Piwil1
12 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Piwil4
9 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Piwil2
8 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ago1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ago2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ago3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ago4
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (7)
Mmus\Piwil1
11 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Piwil2
8 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Piwil4
8 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ago1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ago2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ago3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ago4
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (8)
Xtro\piwil3
9 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\piwil2
5 of 13
No
No
Xtro\piwil4
5 of 13
No
No
Xtro\piwil1
4 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\ago2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ago4
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cyp2d6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\inhbc.1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
Drer\piwil1
12 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\piwil2
7 of 14
No
No
Drer\ago1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ago2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ago3a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ago3b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ago4
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (21)
Cele\prg-1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\csr-1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\ppw-1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\prg-2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\sago-2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\wago-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\wago-4
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\wago-5
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\alg-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\alg-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\alg-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\alg-4
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\alg-5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\C04F12.1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\ergo-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hrde-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\nrde-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\ppw-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rde-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\sago-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\wago-10
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009509
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011204
9 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008862
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011537
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011717
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (10)
Atha\AGO3
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AGO2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO6
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO7
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO4
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO5
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO9
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AGO10
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G21030
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\ago1
1 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:aub. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
piwi
11 of 13
AGO3
10 of 13
AGO1
1 of 13
AGO2
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
PIWIL1; piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 1
12 of 14
605571
      PIWIL3; piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 3
      11 of 14
      610314
          PIWIL4; piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 4
          9 of 14
          610315
              PIWIL2; piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2
              8 of 14
              610312
                  Functional Complementation Data
                  Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                  Interactions
                  Summary of Physical Interactions
                  Interaction Browsers
                  View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                  Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
                  protein-protein
                  Physical Interaction
                  Assay
                  References
                  aub
                  molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, blue native page, iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Vo et al., 2019, Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - AGO3
                  pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, cosedimentation, anti tag western blot
                  (Cappucci et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2011, Rouget et al., 2010, Nishida et al., 2009)
                  aub - CG14036
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Kina et al., 2025)
                  aub - Cyp40
                  proximity-dependent biotin identification, pull down, western blot
                  (Iki et al., 2023)
                  aub - Dhc64C
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Eno
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Fmr1
                  pull down, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Bozzetti et al., 2015)
                  aub - Gapdh2
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Khc
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Klp10A
                  coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Venkei et al., 2020)
                  aub - Kots
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Lim et al., 2022)
                  aub - Not1
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017)
                  aub - Not3
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017)
                  aub - Pgk
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Pyk
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - csul
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Huang et al., 2021)
                  aub - eIF3b
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay
                  (Ramat et al., 2020)
                  aub - eIF3d1
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, Identification by mass spectrometry, affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay
                  (Ramat et al., 2020)
                  aub - eIF3g1
                  affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay
                  (Ramat et al., 2020)
                  aub - eIF3h
                  affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay
                  (Ramat et al., 2020)
                  aub - eIF4A
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Ma et al., 2017, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - eIF4E1
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, Identification by mass spectrometry, affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay
                  (Ramat et al., 2020, Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - eIF4G1
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - eyg
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Blom-Dahl and Azpiazu, 2018)
                  aub - krimp
                  isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, x-ray crystallography
                  (Huang et al., 2021)
                  aub - me31B
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - p53
                  pull down, autoradiography
                  (Lunardi et al., 2010)
                  aub - pAbp
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, cosedimentation through density gradient, western blot, affinity technology, tag visualisation by luciferase assay, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, pull down, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Ramat et al., 2020, Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - papi
                  anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, two hybrid
                  (Zhang et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2011)
                  aub - qin
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot
                  (Anand and Kai, 2012)
                  aub - rump
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Becalska et al., 2011)
                  aub - smg
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015, Rouget et al., 2010)
                  aub - spn-E
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, western blot
                  (Lin et al., 2023)
                  aub - squ
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Pane et al., 2007)
                  aub - tapas
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Patil et al., 2014)
                  aub - tej
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cross-linking study, anti tag western blot
                  (Lin et al., 2023, Patil and Kai, 2010)
                  aub - tud
                  pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, x-ray crystallography, affinity technology, isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, surface plasmon resonance, Identification by mass spectrometry, cross-linking study, cosedimentation, autoradiography
                  (Salgania et al., 2024, Wahiduzzaman et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2021, Vo et al., 2019, DeHaan et al., 2017, Sato et al., 2015, Creed et al., 2010, Kirino et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Nishida et al., 2009, Thomson et al., 2008)
                  aub - twin
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017, Fu et al., 2015, Rouget et al., 2010)
                  aub - vas
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Lin et al., 2023, Durdevic and Ephrussi, 2019, Zheng et al., 2016, Pek and Kai, 2011)
                  aub - vls
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Huang et al., 2021)
                  aub - vret
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot
                  (Kawaguchi et al., 2025, Zamparini et al., 2011)
                  aub - wisp
                  pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation
                  (Dufourt et al., 2017)
                  aub - zuc
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                  (Pane et al., 2007)
                  RNA-protein
                  Physical Interaction
                  Assay
                  References
                  aub
                  molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, blue native page, iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Vo et al., 2019, Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - Aldo
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024)
                  aub - BicC
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - CG4991
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - Cbl
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017)
                  aub - CycA
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - CycB
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - Eno
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Gapdh1
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024)
                  aub - Gapdh2
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Hex-A
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024)
                  aub - Hsp83
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - Lsd-2
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - Pde4
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017, Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - Pfk
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024)
                  aub - Pyk
                  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, cross-linking study, Identification by mass spectrometry
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2016)
                  aub - Rm62
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - Sxl
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - bam
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - bif
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - brat
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - bru1
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - cib
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - cnc
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - dhd
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - dom
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - gcl
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - mei-P26
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - nanos
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
                  (Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Ma et al., 2017, Barckmann et al., 2015, Becalska et al., 2011, Rouget et al., 2010)
                  aub - osk
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
                  (Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015, Becalska et al., 2011)
                  aub - pgc
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - put
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - scny
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - shg
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  aub - smg
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015, Rouget et al., 2010)
                  aub - spir
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Barckmann et al., 2015)
                  aub - tkv
                  iclip, partial RNA sequence identification
                  (Ma et al., 2017)
                  Summary of Genetic Interactions
                  Interaction Browsers
                  View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                  Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                  Starting gene(s)
                  Interaction type
                  Interacting gene(s)
                  Reference
                  aub
                  suppressible
                  Fmr1
                  (Bozzetti et al., 2015)
                  aub
                  suppressible
                  lok
                  (Chen et al., 2007)
                  aub
                  suppressible
                  mei-41
                  (Klattenhoff et al., 2007)
                  aub|rump
                  enhanceable
                  nanos
                  (Becalska et al., 2011)
                  Starting gene(s)
                  Interaction type
                  Interacting gene(s)
                  Reference
                  AGO1
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Bozzetti et al., 2015)
                  Atf-2
                  enhanceable
                  aub
                  (Seong et al., 2011)
                  ct|lncRNA:flam
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Guida et al., 2016)
                  Fmr1
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Bozzetti et al., 2015)
                  l(3)mbt
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Janic et al., 2010)
                  nanos
                  enhanceable
                  aub
                  (Becalska et al., 2011)
                  osk
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Harris and Macdonald, 2001, Wilson et al., 1996, Wilson et al., 1996)
                  RanGAP
                  enhanceable
                  aub
                  (Gell and Reenan, 2013)
                  rump
                  enhanceable
                  aub
                  (Becalska et al., 2011)
                  trabl
                  suppressible
                  aub
                  (Chen et al., 2025)
                  External Data
                  Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                  Component of the ping-pong piRNA processing (4P) complex consisting of krimp, aub and AGO3 (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Interacts (via N-terminus when symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues) with krimp (via tudor domain); this interaction requires methylation of at least one N-terminal arginie residue (PubMed:26295961, PubMed:34210982). Interacts with vas and AGO3 (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19959991). May form part of a piRNA processing complex consisting of tud, aub and AGO3 (PubMed:19959991). Interacts (when symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues) with tud; methylation and/or interaction requires association with piRNA (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19926723, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20713507, PubMed:34210982). Interacts (via N-terminus and when associated with piRNA) with csul/PRMT5; the interaction recruits the PRMT5 methylosome complex to modify N-terminal arginines by symmetrical dimethylation but involves residues other than the arginines to be modified (PubMed:34210982). Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3, nanos mRNA and piRNAs that targets the nanos 3'-untranslated region, in early embryos (PubMed:20953170). Interacts with nanos mRNA and rump (in an RNA-dependent manner) (PubMed:20937269). Interacts with papi and vret (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:21831924). Interacts with me31B (PubMed:28945271).
                  (UniProt, O76922 )
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Pathways
                  Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                  Metabolic Pathways
                  FlyBase
                  External Links
                  External Data
                  Linkouts
                  KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                  Class of Gene
                  Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                  Chromosome (arm)
                  2L
                  Recombination map
                  2-44
                  Cytogenetic map
                  32C1-32C1
                  Sequence location
                  FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                  Cytogenetic map
                  Evidence for location
                  32C1-32C1
                  Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k05812k05812&P{lacW}l(2)k09104k09104 and P{EP}ppoEP2478&P{lacW}l(2)k15817k15817
                  Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                  Cytogenetic map
                  Notes
                  References
                  32D-32D
                  (Schäfer, 1995.12.20)
                  Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                  Location

                  2-44

                  (FlyBase, 2016)

                  2-37.3

                  (Comeron et al., 2012)

                  2-39

                  Left of (cM)
                  Right of (cM)
                  (Harris and Macdonald, 2001)
                  Notes
                  Stocks and Reagents
                  Stocks (14)
                  Genomic Clones (22)
                  cDNA Clones (93)
                   

                  Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                  cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                  BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                      BDGP DGC clones
                        Other clones
                          RNAi and Array Information
                          Linkouts
                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                          Antibody Information
                          Cell Line Information
                          Publicly Available Cell Lines
                           
                            Other Stable Cell Lines
                             
                              Other Comments

                              aub mutations act as genetic enhancers of Segregation Distorter. This effect is still seen when aub mutations are targeted (by homologous recombination) to the Dp(2;2)RanGAPSD chromosome, indicating that the effect of aub mutations is not specific to the target Rsp-bearing chromosome.

                              (Gell and Reenan, 2013)

                              aub protein exhibits Slicer activity in vitro.

                              (Gunawardane et al., 2007)

                              aub us required for cytotype regulation of the P-element family.

                              (Simmons et al., 2007)

                              aub is required for maintenance of long-distance chromosomal interactions between endogenous PcG target loci.

                              (Grimaud et al., 2006)

                              aub is required for the accumulation of repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs).

                              (Vagin et al., 2006)

                              Mutations in piwi or aub result in partial loss of the methyl-K9 form of His3, most evident at minor sites within the euchromatic arms.

                              (Pal-Bhadra et al., 2004)

                              piwi, aub and spn-E are suppressors of repeat-induced silencing, as seen at heterochromatic tandem arrays of insertions of the P{lacW} transposon.

                              (Pal-Bhadra et al., 2004)

                              aub mutants block RNAi activation which normally occurs during egg maturation.

                              (Kennerdell et al., 2002)

                              aub is recruited to the posterior pole of the embryo in a vas-dependent manner and is a polar granule component.

                              (Harris and Macdonald, 2001)

                              aub is required for pole cell formation independently of its initial role in osk translation.

                              (Harris and Macdonald, 2001)

                              aub is required for dorso-ventral patterning and posterior body patterning. aub is required to enhance osk translation, acting through the osk 3'UTR and sequences upstream of the 3'UTR.

                              (Wilson et al., 1996)

                              Mutations at the aub locus cause defects in midoogenesis.

                              (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1991)

                              Required for dorso-ventral patterning and posterior body patterning. aub is required to enhance osk translation, acting through the osk 3'UTR and sequences upstream of the 3'UTR.

                              Mutant alleles are female sterile, laying spindle shaped eggs with defective dorsal appendages; if fertilised the embryos show a posterior group phenotype.

                              Relationship to Other Genes
                              Source for database merge of

                              Source for merge of: sting ms(2)32D

                              (Schmidt et al., 1999)

                              Source for merge of: aub sting

                              (Schäfer, 1999.4.15)
                              Additional comments
                              Nomenclature History
                              Source for database identify of

                              Source for identity of: aub CG6137

                              (Gong, 1999.11)
                              Nomenclature comments
                              Etymology
                              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
                              Reported As
                              Symbol Synonym
                              AUB
                              (Dou et al., 2019, Luo et al., 2016, Chen and Aravin, 2015, Castel and Martienssen, 2013, Seervai and Wessel, 2013, Kumar and Chen, 2012, Kolaczkowski et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2011, Lee and Langley, 2010, Klenov, 2008, Brower-Toland et al., 2007, Grewal and Elgin, 2007, Gunawardane et al., 2007, Rehwinkel et al., 2006)
                              AUBERGINE
                              (Gamez et al., 2020)
                              Aub
                              (Glineburg and Nguyen, 2025, Luan, 2025, Pritam and Signor, 2025, Suyama and Kai, 2025, Vedanayagam, 2025, Ho et al., 2024, Kotov et al., 2024, Patel et al., 2024, Santos et al., 2023, Tang et al., 2023, Arkov, 2022, He et al., 2022, Kotov et al., 2022, Lim et al., 2022, Huang and Wong, 2021, Huang et al., 2021, Layalle et al., 2021, Mukherjee and Mukherjee, 2021, Onishi et al., 2021, Rayford et al., 2021, Vidaurre and Chen, 2021, Wang and Lin, 2021, Yamaguchi et al., 2021, Adashev et al., 2020, Cacchione et al., 2020, Dodson and Kennedy, 2020, Dold et al., 2020, Kelleher et al., 2020, Lasko, 2020, Mérel et al., 2020, Sankaranarayanan and Weil, 2020, Sato and Siomi, 2020, Soleimani et al., 2020, Trcek et al., 2020, Ge et al., 2019, Hirakata and Siomi, 2019, Kneuss et al., 2019, Specchia et al., 2019, Wakisaka et al., 2019, Rojas-Ríos and Simonelig, 2018, Yamashiro and Siomi, 2018, Zhang et al., 2018, DeHaan et al., 2017, Dehghani and Lasko, 2017, Dufourt et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2017, Hyun, 2017, Karam et al., 2017, Luo and Lu, 2017, Pandey et al., 2017, Rogers et al., 2017, Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017, Sousa-Victor et al., 2017, Vrettos et al., 2017, Andress et al., 2016, Azlan et al., 2016, Haase, 2016, Hayashi et al., 2016, Hirakata and Siomi, 2016, Kelleher, 2016, Lewis et al., 2016, Peng et al., 2016, Ryazansky et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2016, Zheng et al., 2016, Fu et al., 2015, Malone et al., 2015, Meller et al., 2015, Sato et al., 2015, Trcek et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Webster et al., 2015, Yang et al., 2015, Huang et al., 2014, Lim et al., 2014, McElroy et al., 2014, Minakhina et al., 2014, Patil et al., 2014, Ren et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Barckmann and Simonelig, 2013, Czech et al., 2013, Dönertas et al., 2013, Guzzardo et al., 2013, Lasko, 2013, Mani and Juliano, 2013, Ohtani et al., 2013, Olovnikov and Kalmykova, 2013, Rozhkov et al., 2013, Saito, 2013, Sentmanat et al., 2013, Bozzetti et al., 2012, Kelleher et al., 2012, Kibanov et al., 2012, McCue and Slotkin, 2012, Preall et al., 2012, Stefanov et al., 2012, Vazquez-Pianzola and Suter, 2012, Zhang et al., 2012, Handler et al., 2011, Ishizu et al., 2011, Khurana et al., 2011, Pek and Kai, 2011, Sato et al., 2011, Kugler et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Moshkovich and Lei, 2010, Rigoutsos, 2010, Saito et al., 2010, Siomi et al., 2010, Miyoshi et al., 2009, Nishida et al., 2009, Obbard et al., 2009, Kawamura et al., 2008, Gunawardane et al., 2007, Klenov et al., 2007, Lin, 2007, Nishida et al., 2007, Saito et al., 2007, Dorner et al., 2006)
                              CG6137
                              (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Çiçek et al., 2016, Na et al., 2016, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Lunardi et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Herold et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Hughes et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2008, Bell et al., 2007, Wirbelauer et al., 2005)
                              aub
                              (Akagi et al., 2025, Cacchione et al., 2025, Chen et al., 2025, Dyson et al., 2025, Kina et al., 2025, Klumpe et al., 2025, Meng and Yamashita, 2025, Shen et al., 2025, Collins et al., 2024, Lee et al., 2024, Rojas-Ríos et al., 2024, Yushkova, 2024, Curnutte et al., 2023, Iki et al., 2023, Li et al., 2023, Lin et al., 2023, Nieken et al., 2023, Venkei et al., 2023, Voutyraki et al., 2023, Zheng et al., 2023, Shapiro-Kulnane et al., 2022, Tarikere et al., 2022, Yamamoto-Matsuda et al., 2022, Yang et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2021, Gebert et al., 2021, Vrettos et al., 2021, Witt et al., 2021, Yamaguchi et al., 2021, Eichler et al., 2020, Ellison et al., 2020, McCambridge et al., 2020, Saint-Leandre et al., 2020, Tafesh-Edwards and Eleftherianos, 2020, Wang et al., 2020, Duc et al., 2019, Kina et al., 2019, Kolliopoulou et al., 2019, Kotov et al., 2019, Luhur et al., 2019, Story et al., 2019, Trcek and Lehmann, 2019, Witt et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Huang et al., 2018, Kang et al., 2018, Moon et al., 2018, Théron et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2018, Dufourt et al., 2017, Ma et al., 2017, Rashpa et al., 2017, Rojas-Ríos et al., 2017, Teixeira et al., 2017, Fagegaltier et al., 2016, Guida et al., 2016, Hayashi et al., 2016, Hur et al., 2016, Jiang et al., 2016, Lo et al., 2016, Na et al., 2016, Ozawa et al., 2016, Sahin et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Wylie et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015, Bozzetti et al., 2015, Gallach, 2015, Han et al., 2015, Hermant et al., 2015, Molla-Herman et al., 2015, Onorati et al., 2015, Sato et al., 2015, Senti et al., 2015, Van Bortle et al., 2015, Atikukke et al., 2014, Basquin et al., 2014, Dufourt et al., 2014, Lavrenov et al., 2014, Le Thomas et al., 2014, Ma et al., 2014, Mani et al., 2014, Ott et al., 2014, Patil et al., 2014, Ross et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Wylie et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Czech et al., 2013, Gell and Reenan, 2013, Raffa et al., 2013, Vagin et al., 2013, Anand and Kai, 2012, de Vanssay et al., 2012, Kelleher et al., 2012, Menon and Meller, 2012, Olivieri et al., 2012, Pöyhönen et al., 2012, Siddiqui et al., 2012, Simmons et al., 2012, Vazquez-Pianzola and Suter, 2012, Becalska et al., 2011, Ding and Lu, 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Klenov et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2011, Miles et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2011, Pane et al., 2011, Pek and Kai, 2011, Pek and Kai, 2011, Qi et al., 2011, Seong et al., 2011, Shpiz et al., 2011, Tchurikov and Kretova, 2011, Wang and Elgin, 2011, Zamparini et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Anne, 2010, Creed et al., 2010, Janic et al., 2010, Khurana et al., 2010, Kirino et al., 2010, Lu and Clark, 2010, Nagao et al., 2010, Olivieri et al., 2010, Orsi et al., 2010, Patil and Kai, 2010, Rouget et al., 2010, Simmons et al., 2010, Belinco et al., 2009, Cronin et al., 2009, Herold et al., 2009, Kavi and Birchler, 2009, Kirino et al., 2009, Klattenhoff et al., 2009, Kotelnikov et al., 2009, Lau et al., 2009, Li et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2009, Malone et al., 2009, Navarro et al., 2009, Pek et al., 2009, Robine et al., 2009, Saito et al., 2009, Shpiz et al., 2009, Specchia and Bozzetti, 2009, Blumenstiel et al., 2008, Chambeyron et al., 2008, Cross and Simmons, 2008, Jensen et al., 2008, Kalmykova et al., 2008, Kavi and Birchler, 2008, Shpiz et al., 2008, Specchia et al., 2008, Thomson et al., 2008, Anne et al., 2007, Brennecke et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2007, Jones and Macdonald, 2007, Josse et al., 2007, Kavi and Birchler, 2007, Lim and Kai, 2007, Lim and Kai, 2007, Pane et al., 2007, Pelisson et al., 2007, Peng and Karpen, 2007, Shpiz et al., 2007, Simmons et al., 2007, Usakin et al., 2007, Ashraf et al., 2006, Grimaud et al., 2006, Haynes et al., 2006, Kavi et al., 2006, Lei and Corces, 2006, Vagin et al., 2006, Vagin et al., 2006, Aravin et al., 2004, Reiss et al., 2004, Snee and Macdonald, 2004, Vagin et al., 2004)
                              aubergine
                              (Onorati et al., 2015)
                              ms(2)32D
                              sti
                              (Schmidt et al., 1999)
                              sting
                              (Vazquez-Pianzola and Suter, 2012, Hammond et al., 2001, Aravin et al., 2000, Bosher and Labouesse, 2000, Cerutti et al., 2000, Rubin, 1999.4.23)
                              Name Synonyms
                              AUBERGINE
                              (Ronsseray et al., 2007)
                              Aub
                              (Bilinski et al., 2017)
                              Aubergine
                              (Benoit et al., 2022, Courchaine et al., 2021, Schneider and Imler, 2021, Kelleher et al., 2020, Shatskikh et al., 2020, van den Beek et al., 2018, Haase, 2016, Hayashi et al., 2016, Hirakata and Siomi, 2016, Lewis et al., 2016, Sato et al., 2015, Trcek et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Matzat and Lei, 2014, McElroy et al., 2014, Temme et al., 2014, Gell and Reenan, 2013, Gomes et al., 2013, Lasko, 2013, Peng and Lin, 2013, Rozhkov et al., 2013, Wood and Helfand, 2013, Bozzetti et al., 2012, Kelleher et al., 2012, Kibanov et al., 2012, Stefanov et al., 2012, Buckingham and Liu, 2011, Gangaraju et al., 2011, Handler et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2011, Pek and Kai, 2011, Zamparini et al., 2011, Kirino et al., 2010, Kugler et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Patil and Kai, 2010, Rigoutsos, 2010, Kirino et al., 2009, Kotelnikov et al., 2009, Nishida et al., 2009, Saito et al., 2009, Hughes et al., 2008, Olson et al., 2008, Thomson et al., 2008, Brennecke et al., 2007, Brower-Toland et al., 2007, Chicoine et al., 2007, Gunawardane et al., 2007, Klenov et al., 2007, Nishida et al., 2007, Pane et al., 2007, Zamore, 2007, Zaratiegui, 2007, Carmi, 2006, Rehwinkel et al., 2006, Seydoux and Braun, 2006, Vagin et al., 2006)
                              aubergine
                              (Saha and Mishra, 2019, Schüpbach, 2019, Marie et al., 2017, Specchia et al., 2017, Blumenstiel et al., 2016, Wylie et al., 2016, Basquin et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Handler et al., 2013, Seervai and Wessel, 2013, Simkin et al., 2013, Bozzetti et al., 2012, Kelleher et al., 2012, McEachern, 2012, Vazquez-Pianzola and Suter, 2012, Becalska et al., 2011, Castillo et al., 2011, Pek and Kai, 2011, Qi et al., 2011, Tchurikov and Kretova, 2011, Janic et al., 2010, Olivieri et al., 2010, Thomsen et al., 2010, Malone et al., 2009, Pek et al., 2009, Shpiz et al., 2009, Specchia and Bozzetti, 2009, Berdnik et al., 2008, Berdnik et al., 2008, Blumenstiel et al., 2008, Cross and Simmons, 2008, Jensen et al., 2008, Ronsseray et al., 2008, Specchia et al., 2008, Chen et al., 2007, Garcia et al., 2007, Josse et al., 2007, Klattenhoff et al., 2007, Klattenhoff et al., 2007, Kruger, 2007, Ronsseray et al., 2007, Simmons et al., 2007, Tadros et al., 2007, Ashraf et al., 2006, Kavi et al., 2006, Lei and Corces, 2006, Lei and Corces, 2006, Aravin et al., 2004, Reiss et al., 2004, Schäfer, 1995.12.20)
                              stellate-interacting gene
                              (Schmidt et al., 1999)
                              Secondary FlyBase IDs
                              • FBgn0010310
                              • FBgn0024835
                              Datasets (0)
                              Study focus (0)
                              Experimental Role
                              Project
                              Project Type
                              Title
                              Study result (0)
                              Result
                              Result Type
                              Title
                              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 58 )
                              Sequence Crossreferences
                              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                              Other crossreferences
                              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                              PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                              Linkouts
                              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                              Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                              MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                              References (526)