FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Actn
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Actn
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
α actinin
Annotation Symbol
CG4376
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000667
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
22 publicly available
Gene Summary
α actinin (Actn) encodes an actin cross-linking protein with muscle and non-muscle specific isoforms, which are produced by alternative spicing. The muscle isoform has a role in muscle development while the non-muscle isoform localizes to ovarian ring canals and has a role in cytoskeletal remodeling of follicle cells. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

fliA, l(1)2Cb, a-actinin, EG:133E12.1 , Alpha-actinin

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
2C4-2C7
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-0.5
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:2023822..2042311
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:A1ZA47
(Jani and Schock, 2007)
enables actin filament binding
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Roulier et al., 1992)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Lasp; FB:FBgn0063485
(Fernandes and Schöck, 2014)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:rols; FB:FBgn0041096
(Kreiskother et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin filament binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables calcium ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002048
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wahlstrom et al., 2006)
involved_in actin filament bundle assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Roulier et al., 1992)
involved_in sarcomere organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schnorrer et al., 2010)
inferred from direct assay
(Kreiskother et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in muscle cell development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000937127
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
(Haines et al., 2007, Kreiskother et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cell junction
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004321300
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in cortical actin cytoskeleton
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in focal adhesion
traceable author statement
(Hynes and Zhao, 2000)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004321300
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in Z disc
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000937127
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the alpha-actinin family. (P18091)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
α actinin (Actn) encodes an actin cross-linking protein with muscle and non-muscle specific isoforms, which are produced by alternative spicing. The muscle isoform has a role in muscle development while the non-muscle isoform localizes to ovarian ring canals and has a role in cytoskeletal remodeling of follicle cells. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SPECTRINS -
Spectrins are key components of the membrane cytoskeleton, mediating actin filament bundling, crosslinking, and binding. They are characterized by spectrin repeats (SRs) and other conserved domains, including calponin homology, EF hand, and calcium-binding motifs. Spectrins are crucial for maintaining cellular structure in diverse tissues, including muscle and neurons. (Adapted from FBrf0262762.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
F-actin cross-linking protein which is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. This is a bundling protein.
(UniProt, P18091)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Actn: α Actinin
The structural gene for α Actinin (Fyrberg). Both lethal and viable alleles recovered; allelism determined by Homyk and Emerson. Viable alleles unconditionally flightless; wing position normal, but unable to fly or beat wings; jump abnormally short distances. Gynandromorph studies of Actn1 indicate a bilateral pair of submissive foci located mid ventrally close to the embryonic midline (Homyk and Emerson). ERG normal (Homyk and Pye, 1989, J. Neurogenet. 5: 37-48). Actn4 is a heat sensitive lethal, and when raised at low temperature, causes aberrant wing display of courting males; Actn1/Actn4 jumps and flies abnormally when raised at 22 but normally when raised at 29; temperature sensitive period for this effect in first half of pupal stage (Homyk et al.,1980). Trans heterozygotes (i.e., Actn3, Actn4, Actn8, and Actn14) with hdp-a2 also flightless. Lethal alleles die in late larval or early pupal stages; homozygous maternal germline clones produce normal ova. Polyphasic lethality of Actn8 attributed to position effect of the inversion on arm (Perrimon, Engstrom, and Mahowald, l985, Genetics 111: 23-41).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

actin filament crosslinking protein that regulates cell adhesion and motility - alternative splice isoforms play roles in muscle development cytoskeletal remodeling of follicle cells

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
9
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Actn for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P18091)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.43

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Shares 5' UTR with upstream gene.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Actn-RA
FBtr0070344
NM_058136
3511
895
Actn-RB
FBtr0070343
NM_166920
3511
895
Actn-RC
FBtr0070345
NM_058137
4868
917
Actn-RD
FBtr0303048
NM_001201603
3306
895
Actn-RF
FBtr0310657
NM_001272235
3877
897
Actn-RG
FBtr0310658
NM_001272236
3369
917
Actn-RH
FBtr0310659
NM_001272237
3351
917
Actn-RI
FBtr0333801
NM_001201604
3516
895
Actn-RJ
FBtr0333802
NM_001272238
3366
917
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.4, 1.9 (northern blot)

(Roulier et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Actn-PA
FBpp0070330
103.8
895
5.36
NP_477484
AAN09068
Actn-PB
FBpp0070329
103.8
895
5.36
M9MS06
NP_726784
AAF45706
Actn-PC
FBpp0070331
106.4
917
5.42
M9PGA7
NP_477485
AAF45705
Actn-PD
FBpp0292167
103.8
895
5.36
M9MS06
NP_001188532
ADV37616
Actn-PF
FBpp0302777
103.9
897
5.36
F0JAG6
NP_001259164
AGB95010
Actn-PG
FBpp0302778
106.4
917
5.42
M9PGA7
NP_001259165
AGB95011
Actn-PH
FBpp0302779
106.4
917
5.42
M9PGA7
NP_001259166
AGB95012
Actn-PI
FBpp0305935
103.8
895
5.36
M9MS06
NP_001188533
ADV37617
Actn-PJ
FBpp0305936
106.4
917
5.42
M9PGA7
NP_001259167
AGB95013
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

917 aa isoforms: Actn-PC, Actn-PG, Actn-PH, Actn-PJ
895 aa isoforms: Actn-PB, Actn-PD, Actn-PI
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

895 (aa); 98 (kD)

(Fyrberg et al., 1990)
Comments

partial CDS encoded by alternate exon

(FlyBase, 1992-)

The EF hands of the Drosophila Actn protein are theoretically capable of binding Ca2+ and this portion of the protein is more similar to the nonmuscle isoform of chicken and the alpha-actinin of Dictyostelium than to the vertebrate sarcomeric and smooth muscle isoforms. Drosophila Actn protein is recognized by a monoclonal antibody made against Lethocerus alpha-actinin.

(Fyrberg et al., 1990)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer; antiparallel. Interacts with Smn; the interaction occurs in adult thoracic tissues.

(UniProt, P18091)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Actn using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.75

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval somatic muscle cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval visceral muscle cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Roulier et al., 1992)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
organism
(Roulier et al., 1992)
pharate adult stage P8 -- P9
organism
(Roulier et al., 1992)
Additional Descriptive Data

The 3.4kb Actn transcripts are found at all stages of development tested including early embryos and early pupae, times at which no muscles are present.

(Roulier et al., 1992)

The 1.9kb Actn transcripts are found in mid late embryos and mid-late pupae, stages at which muscles are present.

(Roulier et al., 1992)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
larval visceral muscle cell
• Z disc
(Stronach et al., 1999)
pupal stage P6
indirect flight muscle cell | punctate

Comment: 30 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)
pupal stage P7 -- pharate adult stage P8
indirect flight muscle cell | precursor

Comment: start at 36 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)
pharate adult stage P8 -- P15
indirect flight muscle cell | precursor
• Z disc

Comment: 48 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)
adult stage
muscle cell
(Sparrow et al., 1991)
oogenesis stage S10 -- S14
follicle cell
(Wahlstrom et al., 2006)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

Actn protein is organized in a dynamic manner in follicle cells during oogenesis.

(Wahlstrom et al., 2006)

Actn protein can be detected in scattered aggregates dispersed in the cytoplasm of muscle cell precursors as early at 30 hrs APF. By 48 hours Actn, along with other myofibrillar proteins, have organized into Z-bands.

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

Western blots indicate an absence of Actn protein in myofibrils from the Act88FM342 mutant. Actn protein is detected in the mutants in dense bundles lying adjacent to the myofibrils that may contain aberrant Z-band material.

(Sparrow et al., 1991)
Marker for
 
Z disc
(Qian et al., 2008)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
(Haines et al., 2007, Kreiskother et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Actn in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 43 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Actn
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Actn
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 35 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 35 )
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(1)ActnΔ148
(Chavoshi et al., 2010, Wahlstrom et al., 2006)
Df(1)ActnΔ208
(Wahlstrom et al., 2004)
Gene not disrupted in
Df(1)2F1-3A4
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)64c18
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)278.4B1
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)JA52
(Homyk and Emerson, 1988, Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)JC105
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)l24
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)L271
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)N-8
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)N-54l9
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)N-264-105
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)Pgd-kz
(Kramers et al., 1991, Homyk and Emerson, 1988, Perrimon et al., 1985, Kramers et al., 1983)
Df(1)pn7a
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)pn38
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)RA19
(Belyaeva et al., 1982)
Df(1)Sp2F-3A
(Schalet, 1986)
Df(1)TEM1
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)TEM7
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)TEM202
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)TEM304
(Kramers et al., 1991, Perrimon et al., 1985)
Df(1)TEM501
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)w67k30
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)w258-48
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Df(1)w-rJ1
(Kramers et al., 1991)
In(1)C99Lwm4R
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Gene not duplicated in
Dp(1;2;Y)w+
(Kramers et al., 1991, Homyk and Emerson, 1988, Kramers et al., 1983)
Dp(1;2)51b
(Kramers et al., 1991)
Dp(1;3)wvco
(Schalet, 1986)
Dp(1;Y)w+303
(Perrimon et al., 1985)
Dp(1;Y)y267g19.1
(Homyk and Emerson, 1988)
Gene duplicated in
Dp(1;3)DC413
(Popodi et al., 2010-, Venken et al., 2010)
Dp(1;3)wvco
(Homyk and Emerson, 1988, Perrimon et al., 1985)
Gene disrupted in
In(1)Actn2Cb1
(Fyrberg et al., 1990)
In(1)Actn2Cb5
(Fyrberg et al., 1990)
In(1)HC207
(Fyrberg et al., 1990, Homyk and Emerson, 1988)
Inferred from location ( 23 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU
lethal | larval stage
lethal | larval stage | recessive
lethal | prepupal stage
lethal | pupal stage
lethal | pupal stage | recessive
lethal | recessive
lethal | recessive | heat sensitive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | heat sensitive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority live
viable
viable, with Actn8
viable, with Actn9
viable, with Actn14
viable, with ActnRpS27A.PD
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with ActnKA21)
viable (with ActnΔ233)
Sterility
Allele
female fertile (with ActnΔ208)
female fertile (with ActnΔ233)
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal developmental rate | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
abnormal flight
abnormal flight | cold sensitive (with Actn1)
abnormal flight | cold sensitive (with Actn4)
abnormal locomotor behavior | cold sensitive (with Actn1)
abnormal locomotor behavior | cold sensitive (with Actn4)
abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage | recessive
decreased body size | larval stage
decreased body size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
decreased rate of movement | larval stage
flightless
flightless, with Scer\GAL41151
flightless | recessive
flightless | semidominant
majority die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during larval stage
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
some die during larval stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage
some die during pupal stage | heat sensitive
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
actin filament & follicle cell | somatic clone
actin filament bundle & egg chamber
adult pericardial cell, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
egg | germline clone
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
indirect flight muscle cell
indirect flight muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
larva | third instar larval stage
larval somatic muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
muscle attachment site | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
muscle cell
myofibril
nephrocyte diaphragm | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4sns.PK
ovariole
ovariole | germline clone
sarcomere
sarcomere, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
sarcomere | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
somatic muscle cell
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Z disc, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
Z disc | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (39)
Hsap\ACTN1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\ACTN2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ACTN3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ACTN4
12 of 14
No
Yes
 
5  
Hsap\CLMN
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\EHBP1
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\EHBP1L1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTA1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTAN1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTB
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SPTBN1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTBN2
2 of 14
No
No
3  
Hsap\SPTBN4
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTBN5
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DIXDC1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\DMD
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DST
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\FLNA
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\FLNB
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\FLNC
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LCP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MACF1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MICAL1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICAL2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICAL3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICALL1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICALL2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NAV2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLEC
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLS1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLS3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SMTN
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMTNL1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMTNL2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPECC1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPECC1L
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SYNE1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SYNE2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\UTRN
1 of 14
No
No
7  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (29)
Rnor\Actn3
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Actn1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Actn2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Actn4
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Spta1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptan1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptbn1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptbn2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptbn4
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptbn5
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptb
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Clmn
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dmd
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dst
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ehbp1l1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ehbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Macf1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mical2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Micall1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Plec
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtnl2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtn
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Specc1l
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Utrn
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (30)
Mmus\Actn1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Actn3
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Actn2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Actn4
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ehbp1l1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptan1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptb
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptbn1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptbn2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptbn4
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptbn5
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Clmn
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dmd
1 of 14
No
No
3  
Mmus\Dst
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ehbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Macf1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mical2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Micall1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Plec
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtnl2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtn
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Specc1l
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Spta1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Syne2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Utrn
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (24)
Xtro\actn1
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\actn4
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\actn3
8 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\actn2
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\myoz1
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\clmn
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\sptan1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sptbn2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sptbn4
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sptbn5
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dmd.3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ehbp1l1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\flnc
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\micall1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\micall2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pds5b
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pls1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\prrx2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smtnl2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smtn
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\specc1l
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\specc1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sptbn1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sptb
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (38)
Drer\actn3a
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\actn3b
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\actn1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\actn2b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\actn4
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\ehbp1l1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC558044
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptan1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptb
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptbn1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptbn5
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn2a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\dmd
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\dst
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ehbp1l1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\flna
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC110440135
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\macf1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical3a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall2b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pleca
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\plecb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-195o20.7
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtna
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnl
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1la
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1lb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptbn2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptbn4a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\zgc:165653
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (17)
Cele\atn-1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\ehbp-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\sma-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\spc-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\unc-70
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\anc-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\C07A9.5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\C50C3.2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\dys-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F26F4.5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fln-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fln-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\lam-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\M116.5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\plst-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\T15B12.1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\vab-10
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (13)
Agam\ACTN_ANOGA
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004440
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006686
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010895
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011702
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000906
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002688
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004071
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004256
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007006
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009554
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011396
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011397
1 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (6)
Atha\AT2G04750
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT4G21820
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT5G48460
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT5G55400
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\FIM1
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\FIM5
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\SAC6
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\ain1
9 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\fim1
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Actn. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (15)
β-Spec
6 of 13
kst
5 of 13
α-Spec
4 of 13
Dys
3 of 13
Ehbp1
2 of 13
jbug
2 of 13
shot
2 of 13
Actn3
1 of 13
CG5984
1 of 13
CG34417
1 of 13
cher
1 of 13
Dyb
1 of 13
Fim
1 of 13
MICAL-like
1 of 13
spdi
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
ActnKK102286
model of  focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1
CEC
(Odenthal et al., 2023)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 4 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
ActnKK102286
model of  focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1
is ameliorated by Hsap\ACTN4UAS.WT.Tag:HA
(Odenthal et al., 2023)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
ACTN1; actinin alpha 1
13 of 14
102575
ACTN2; actinin alpha 2
12 of 14
102573
ACTN3; actinin alpha 3
12 of 14
102574
    ACTN4; actinin alpha 4
    12 of 14
    ACTININ, ALPHA-4; ACTN4
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Dmel gene
    Ortholog showing functional complementation
    Supporting References
    Actn
    Hsap\ACTN4
    (Odenthal et al., 2023)
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Actn - Act79B
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Adh
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Aldo
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Argk1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - CG14207
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - CG14315
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Cs1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Cyt-c1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Gdh
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Gpdh1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Idh3a
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Lasp
    tandem affinity purification, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Fernandes and Schöck, 2014)
    Actn - Mdh2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Mf
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Mhc
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Mlc1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Mlc2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Mlp84B
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid
    (Clark and Kadrmas, 2013)
    Actn - ND-PDSW
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Ogdh1
    experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (González Morales et al., 2023, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Prm
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Rheb
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Vinayagam et al., 2016)
    Actn - Scp1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Smn
    pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Rajendra et al., 2007)
    Actn - Tm2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - TpnC41C
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Tppl
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - Zasp52
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
    (Liao et al., 2016, Rhee et al., 2014, Katzemich et al., 2013, Jani and Schock, 2007)
    Actn - Zasp66
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (Katzemich et al., 2013)
    Actn - dos
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Friedman et al., 2011)
    Actn - kirre
    two hybrid
    (Kreiskother et al., 2006)
    Actn - mAcon1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - osk
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Hurd et al., 2016)
    Actn - rols
    two hybrid
    (Kreiskother et al., 2006)
    Actn - up
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Actn - wupA
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Actn
    enhanceable
    Dcr-2
    (Dietzl et al., 2007)
    Actn
    enhanceable
    Mlp84B
    (Clark and Kadrmas, 2013)
    Actn
    suppressible
    Zasp52
    (Liao et al., 2016)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    tn
    enhanceable
    Actn
    (Domsch et al., 2013)
    Zasp52
    suppressible
    Actn
    (González-Morales et al., 2019)
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Homodimer; antiparallel. Interacts with Smn; the interaction occurs in adult thoracic tissues.
    (UniProt, P18091 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-0.5
    Cytogenetic map
    2C4-2C7
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    2C4-2C7
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP427 and P{EP}ActnEP1193&P{EP}CG4322EP1631
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    2C7-2C7
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Wahlstrom et al., 2004)
    2C1-2C2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Peter et al., 2002, Schäfer et al., 1999.3.29)
    2C-2C
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Schäfer et al., 1999.6.15, Fyrberg et al., 1990)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    1-0.5

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    1-0.2

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (22)
    Genomic Clones (12)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (80)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      monoclonal

      (Görög et al., 2025, Loreau et al., 2023)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          tn, Actn, sls and Mlp84B act in concert to maintain the integrity and stability of Z-discs, thereby ensuring myofibril stability and optimal muscle function.

          (Domsch et al., 2013)

          Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) down-regulates a distinct splice isoform(s) of this gene.

          (Hansen et al., 2009)

          dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

          (Kiger et al., 2003)

          The accumulation of Actn in four mutants is investigated.

          (Roulier et al., 1992)

          A protein of the Z-bands of all muscles.

          (Vigoreaux et al., 1991)

          The structure and function of Actn and related microfilament cross-linking proteins is investigated.

          (Fyrberg et al., 1990)

          The structural gene for α Actinin.

          Both lethal and viable alleles recovered. Lethal alleles die in late larval or early pupal stages; homozygous maternal germ-line clones produce normal ova. Viable alleles unconditionally flightless; wing position normal, but unable to fly or beat wings; jump abnormally short distances. Gynandromorph studies of Actn1 indicate a bilateral pair of submissive foci located mid ventrally close to the embryonic midline (FBrf0048188). ERG normal (FBrf0050364).

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (25)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          ACTN
          (Grzegorczyk and Husmeier, 2012)
          Actn
          (Lu et al., 2025, Rommelaere et al., 2025, Sekine et al., 2024, Trujillo et al., 2024, Cachoux et al., 2023, Koehler and Huber, 2023, van de Leemput et al., 2022, DeAngelis et al., 2021, Ogneva, 2021, Ogneva and Usik, 2021, Pang et al., 2021, Usik et al., 2021, Hope et al., 2020, Ditzler et al., 2019, González-Morales et al., 2019, Al-Ramahi et al., 2018, Levis, 2018.8.30, Picchio et al., 2018, Bayar et al., 2017, Fu et al., 2017, Hermle et al., 2017, Nie et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Crocker et al., 2016, Hosamani et al., 2016, Kupriyanova et al., 2016, Liao et al., 2016, Ogneva et al., 2016, Schwartz et al., 2016, Jambor et al., 2015, Williams et al., 2015, Fernandes and Schöck, 2014, Mukherjee et al., 2014, Weitkunat and Schnorrer, 2014, Sen et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Irion, 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Kaushik et al., 2012, McGurk and Bonini, 2012, Friedman et al., 2011, Chavoshi et al., 2010, Perkins et al., 2010, Popodi et al., 2010-, Rui et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Venken et al., 2010, Hansen et al., 2009, Bai et al., 2008, Chang et al., 2008, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Yuen et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Dietzl et al., 2007, Jani and Schock, 2007, Stuart et al., 2007, Comet et al., 2006, Machuca-Tzili et al., 2006, Wahlstrom et al., 2006, Bainton et al., 2005)
          CG4376
          (Çiçek et al., 2016, Hurd et al., 2016, Aradska et al., 2015, Balakrishnan et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Shanshan and Laixin, 2015, Haye et al., 2014, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Hansen et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Chang et al., 2008, Stuart et al., 2007, Rogers et al., 2003, Benos, 2000.12.13, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, Whitfield, 2000.5.4)
          CT14163
          (Hynes and Zhao, 2000)
          CT14232
          (Hynes and Zhao, 2000)
          EG:133E12.1
          (Benos et al., 2001, Benos, 2000.12.13)
          GA17
          (Kramers et al., 1991, Schalet, 1986)
          HM-29
          (Kramers et al., 1991)
          actn
          (Chougule et al., 2020, López-Gay et al., 2020, Haye et al., 2014, Perkins and Tanentzapf, 2014, Xiong and Zhou, 2013, Jia and Huan, 2010, MacArthur and North, 2004, Dubreuil and Wang, 2000)
          fliA
          (Bullard et al., 2004, Sang and Ready, 2002, Vigoreaux, 2001, Fyrberg et al., 1991, Homyk and Emerson, 1988, Belyaeva et al., 1982)
          l(1)2Cb
          (Bullard et al., 2004, Fyrberg et al., 1998, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Epstein and Bernstein, 1992)
          l(1)EA82
          (Perrimon et al., 1985)
          y
          α-actinin
          (Ain et al., 2025, González Morales et al., 2023, Karunendiran et al., 2021, Schneider and Imler, 2021, Poovathumkadavil and Jagla, 2020, Walls et al., 2020, Hurst et al., 2019, Wójtowicz et al., 2015, Jani and Schöck, 2006)
          αActn
          (Kreiskother et al., 2006)
          Name Synonyms
          Actinin
          (Min et al., 2017)
          Alpha-actinin
          (Rogers et al., 2003, Wahlstrom et al., 2003, Fyrberg et al., 1988)
          a-actinin
          (Chang et al., 2008, Thimmappaiaha et al., 2007, Takagi et al., 1998)
          alpha actinin
          (Cammarato et al., 2011, Machuca-Tzili et al., 2006)
          alpha-actinin
          (Vicente et al., 2006, Petit et al., 2002)
          flightless A
          (Kureishy et al., 2002)
          flightless-A
          lethal(1)2cb
          (Fyberg, 1992.1.23)
          α actinin
          (Kurshakova et al., 2019, Chavoshi et al., 2010)
          α-Actinin
          (Gomez et al., 2025, Daeden et al., 2023, Loreau et al., 2023, Applewhite et al., 2013, Zheng et al., 2013, Labeau-Dimenna et al., 2012, Reed et al., 2012, Neely et al., 2010, Bai et al., 2008, Hudson et al., 2008, Qian et al., 2008, Taghli-Lamallem et al., 2008, Nongthomba et al., 2007, Wahlstrom et al., 2006, Kureishy et al., 2002)
          α-actinin
          (Gou et al., 2023, Deng et al., 2021, Gordon and Reis E Sousa, 2019, Williams et al., 2015, Taghli-Lamallem et al., 2014, Chechenova et al., 2013, Domsch et al., 2013, Katzemich et al., 2013, Sevdali et al., 2013, Irion, 2012, Katzemich et al., 2012, McGurk and Bonini, 2012, Vakaloglou et al., 2012, Arndt et al., 2010, Haigh et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Serio et al., 2010, Alves-Silva et al., 2008, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Qian et al., 2008, Rodriguez-Diaz et al., 2008, Yuen et al., 2008, Bai et al., 2007, Bakal et al., 2007, Clark et al., 2007, Haines et al., 2007, Jani and Schock, 2007, Rajendra et al., 2007, Vicente et al., 2007, Machuca-Tzili et al., 2006, Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004, MacArthur and North, 2004, Roper et al., 2002)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 105 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            References (250)